1 00:00:06,607 --> 00:00:12,946 >>> JET PROPULSION LABORATORY 2 00:00:12,946 --> 00:00:18,151 PRESENTS THE VON KARMAN LECTURE, AND GINEERS O ARE PLORING TISTS 3 00:00:18,151 --> 00:00:47,414 OUR PLANET, OUR SOLAR SYSTEM AND ALL THAT IS BEYOND. 4 00:00:47,414 --> 00:00:47,981 >>> HELLO, EVERYONE. 5 00:00:47,981 --> 00:00:56,123 AND THANK YOU FOR COMING TO JPL FOR THIS VON KARMAN ELECTION ON 6 00:00:56,123 --> 00:00:58,825 A CHILLY NOVEMBER EVENING. 7 00:00:58,825 --> 00:01:02,696 WE ARE HERE TO LEARN ABOUT THE JUNO MISSION TO JUPITER. 8 00:01:02,696 --> 00:01:10,904 4th, INDEPENDENCE DAY, 2016.ULY JUPITER IS BY FAR THE LARGEST 9 00:01:10,904 --> 00:01:16,410 PLANET IN OUR SOLAR SYSTEM.I PLANET IN OUR SOLAR SYSTEM. 10 00:01:16,410 --> 00:01:18,812 IT HAS MOREÑi THAN TWICE THE MAS OF ALL THE OTHER PLANETS 11 00:01:18,812 --> 00:01:19,179 COMBINED. 12 00:01:19,179 --> 00:01:23,383 IT ALMOST CERTAINLY WAS THE VERY FIRST PLANET TO FORMÑi AND 13 00:01:23,383 --> 00:01:25,819 UNDERSTANDING ITS FORMATION IS A KEY TO UNDERSTANDING OUR VERY 14 00:01:25,819 --> 00:01:31,091 OWN SOLAR SYSTEM. 15 00:01:31,091 --> 00:01:36,196 SO TONIGHT'S GUEST IS THE PROJECT SCIENTIST FOR THEÑi JUN 16 00:01:36,196 --> 00:01:40,734 MISSION, STEVE LEVIN. 17 00:01:40,734 --> 00:01:47,541 HE RECEIVED A Ph.D. IN PHYSICS FROM UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA IN 18 00:01:47,541 --> 00:01:48,041 BERKELEY IN 1977. 19 00:01:48,041 --> 00:01:53,113 HE WORKED AS RESEARCH PHYSICIST UNTIL 1990 WHEN HE CAME TO JPL. 20 00:01:53,113 --> 00:01:57,784 HIS INTERESTS HAVE INCLUDED MEASUREMENTSçó OF THE COSMIC 21 00:01:57,784 --> 00:02:02,089 MICROWAVE BACKGROUND RADIATION, THE SEARCH FOR INTELLIGENCE, 22 00:02:02,089 --> 00:02:08,962 MEASUREMENTS OF STAR FORMING REGIONS AND MODELING OF THE 23 00:02:08,962 --> 00:02:14,668 INTERJOVIAN RADIATION BELT.çóçó HE'S DONE RADIO ASTRONOMY WITH 24 00:02:14,668 --> 00:02:19,873 INSTRUMENTS ON MNTAINTOPS, AT THE SOUTH POLE, ON LARGE RADIO 25 00:02:19,873 --> 00:02:22,776 TELESCOPES, ON HIGH ALTITUDE BALLOON AND ON SPACECRAFT. 26 00:02:22,776 --> 00:02:29,082 HE HAS PUBLISHED DOZENS OF PAPERS AND WON NUMEROUS AWARDS 27 00:02:29,082 --> 00:02:33,220 INCLUDING A NASA EXCEPTION ACHIEVEMENTñr MEDAL IN 2012. 28 00:02:33,220 --> 00:02:34,788 HE LITERALLY -- I HAVE TO TELL YOU, HE LITERALLY JUMPED ON A 29 00:02:34,788 --> 00:02:41,061 PLANE AND FLEW HOMEÑi LAST NIGH JUST TO BE HERE. 30 00:02:41,061 --> 00:02:44,531 HE FLEWÑi HOME FROM A SCIENCE MEETING IN MARYLAND. 31 00:02:44,531 --> 00:02:47,467 PLEASE JOIN ME IN GIVING STEVE LEVIN A VERY WARM WELCOME.ñr 32 00:02:47,467 --> 00:02:56,710 [ APPUSE ] >> THANK YOU. 33 00:02:56,710 --> 00:03:02,382 IS THE MIC WORKING? 34 00:03:02,382 --> 00:03:03,417 WELL, LET'S SEE -- NOW IT'S WORKING. 35 00:03:03,417 --> 00:03:03,784 TERRIFIC. 36 00:03:03,784 --> 00:03:04,351 THANK YOU. 37 00:03:04,351 --> 00:03:04,651 OKAY. 38 00:03:04,651 --> 00:03:10,390 SO AFTER THAT INTRODUCTION I FEEL I MUST BE IMPORTANT OR 39 00:03:10,390 --> 00:03:14,428 SOMETHING. 40 00:03:14,428 --> 00:03:17,230 I'MxD GOING TO TELL YOU ABOUT JUNO. 41 00:03:17,230 --> 00:03:19,132 WHICH IS ON ITS WAY TO JUPITER. 42 00:03:19,132 --> 00:03:22,836 AND AS YOU JUST HEARD GETS THERE ON THE 4th OF JULY. 43 00:03:22,836 --> 00:03:27,808 ITñrÑiÑi REALLY GETS THERE ON T OF JULY UNIVERSAL TIME. 44 00:03:27,808 --> 00:03:30,444 THAT'S HOW WE USUALLY COUNT THINGS IN GREENWICH ENGLAND. 45 00:03:30,444 --> 00:03:34,548 BUT HERE IN CALIFORNIA IT WILL BE 4th OF JULY IN THE EVENING, 46 00:03:34,548 --> 00:03:39,653 SO FIRE WORKS FROM THE SPACECRAFT AT THE SAME TIMEcCÑç 47 00:03:39,653 --> 00:03:40,187 HAVE FIREWORKS HERE. 48 00:03:40,187 --> 00:03:46,693 WELL, WHAT IS JUNO, WHAT ARE WE DOING HERE? 49 00:03:46,693 --> 00:03:50,630 THE JUNO SPACECRAFT, FIRST OF ALL, IT'S THE FIRST SOLAR 50 00:03:50,630 --> 00:03:52,866 POWERED MISSIONxD TO JUPITER. 51 00:03:52,866 --> 00:03:55,435 FIRST SPACECRAFT TO GO OUT THATi FAR. 52 00:03:55,435 --> 00:03:56,903 WE HAVE A BUNCH OF SCIENCES ON IT. 53 00:03:56,903 --> 00:03:58,238 IT EIGHT OR NINE OR TEN INSTRUMENTS AS YOU WILL SEE. 54 00:03:58,238 --> 00:04:02,609 THERE'S A LOT.ÑiÑi I WILL -- I'M NOT GOING TO READ 55 00:04:02,609 --> 00:04:03,110 THIS WHOLE THING. 56 00:04:03,110 --> 00:04:07,647 I WILL TELL YOU ABOUT WHAT WE'LL MEASURE IN A LITTLE WHILE. 57 00:04:07,647 --> 00:04:09,783 BUT IT'S A SPINNING POLAR ORBITER THAT WE LAUNCHED IN 58 00:04:09,783 --> 00:04:13,386 AUGUST 5, 2011. 59 00:04:13,386 --> 00:04:14,821 AND IT TAKES FIVE YEARS TO GET TO JUPITER, BUT IT'S FINALLY 60 00:04:14,821 --> 00:04:17,324 GETTING THERE, WE'LL LEARN A LOT ABOUT JUPITER AND THAT WILL 61 00:04:17,324 --> 00:04:20,627 TEACH US A LOT ABOUT THE SOLAR SYSTEM AND HOW PLANETS FORM AND 62 00:04:20,627 --> 00:04:24,498 THINGS LIKE THAT. 63 00:04:24,498 --> 00:04:25,165 I SEE, I HAVE A TYPO HERE. 64 00:04:25,165 --> 00:04:29,336 IT'S A 14-DAY ORT. 65 00:04:29,336 --> 00:04:32,606 WE'LL TALK ABOUT THAT IN A LITTLE BIT. 66 00:04:32,606 --> 00:04:35,108 IT'S A MASSIVE NEW FRONTIERS PROGRAM. 67 00:04:35,108 --> 00:04:37,344 YOU CAN READ THE SCIENCE OBJECTIVES THAT I'M GOING TO 68 00:04:37,344 --> 00:04:40,914 TALK ABOUT -- I'LL TALK ABOUT THEM TOO, SO I WON'T READ THAT. 69 00:04:40,914 --> 00:04:42,516 I'LL TRY TO RUSH THROUGH THE SLIDES TO GET TO QUESTIONS 70 00:04:42,516 --> 00:04:43,950 BECAUSE THEY'RE THE MOST FUN PART BUT I HAVE TO MENTION THAT 71 00:04:43,950 --> 00:04:49,790 THIS ISÑi A P.I. LED MISSION.Ñi THAT IS THERE'S A PRINCIPAL 72 00:04:49,790 --> 00:04:51,191 INVESTIGATOR, SCOTT BOLTON, WHO'S IN CHARGE OF THE ENTIRE 73 00:04:51,191 --> 00:04:51,525 THING. 74 00:04:51,525 --> 00:05:00,634 THEN DELEGATES THATçó AUTHORITYO A PROJECT MANAGER, A WHOLE TEAM 75 00:05:00,634 --> 00:05:05,939 OF PEOPLE HERE AT JPL AND A NUMBER OF INSTITUTIONS AROUND 76 00:05:05,939 --> 00:05:06,339 THE WORLD. 77 00:05:06,339 --> 00:05:09,209 AN AT THE TIME THIS WAS THIS WAS SELECTED IT WAS THE LARGEST P.I. 78 00:05:09,209 --> 00:05:10,911 MISSION THAT NASA HAD DONE. 79 00:05:10,911 --> 00:05:14,181 IF IT'S BIG ENOUGH IT'S SORT OF RUN BY COMMITTEE. 80 00:05:14,181 --> 00:05:19,853 IN OUR CASE, AT LEAST, I THINK IT WORKED OUT REALLY WELL. 81 00:05:19,853 --> 00:05:20,854 THAT THEY CHOSE TO DO IT THAT WAY. 82 00:05:20,854 --> 00:05:27,327 WE HAVE AN EFFICIENT TEAM AND WE'REñr REALLY WORKING WELL 83 00:05:27,327 --> 00:05:27,694 TOGETHER. 84 00:05:27,694 --> 00:05:28,895 I'M PLEASED THAT NASA CHOSE TO DO IT THAT WAY. 85 00:05:28,895 --> 00:05:29,196 OKAY. 86 00:05:29,196 --> 00:05:30,497 SO HOW DO WE GET THERE? 87 00:05:30,497 --> 00:05:31,665 THAT'S THE PLACE TO START. 88 00:05:31,665 --> 00:05:37,704 TO BEGIN WITH WE LAUNCHED THE SPACECRAFT WITHOUT ENOUGH ENERGY 89 00:05:37,704 --> 00:05:44,744 TO GET TO JUPITER THAT'S BECAUSE WE DIDN'T HAVE A BIG ENOUGH 90 00:05:44,744 --> 00:05:45,912 ROCKET THAT YOU COULD GO DIRECT TO JUPITER. 91 00:05:45,912 --> 00:05:47,147 SO THE IDEA IS YOU LAUNCH IT FROM THE EARTH. 92 00:05:47,147 --> 00:05:50,283 WE TOOK ADVANTAGE OF EVERYTHING WE COULD WITH THE EARTH, SPIN, 93 00:05:50,283 --> 00:05:54,888 THE SPACECRAFT, THE ROCKET AND ALL THAT STUFF. 94 00:05:54,888 --> 00:05:56,323 THAT PUT IT INTO THE ORBIT AROUND THE SUN. 95 00:05:56,323 --> 00:05:58,925 THAT WENT OUT SOMEWHERE PAST THE ORBIT OF çóMARS. 96 00:05:58,925 --> 00:06:04,564 THEN WHEN WE'RE OUT THERE, WE FIRED THE MAIN ENGINE TWICE TO 97 00:06:04,564 --> 00:06:06,333 AIM, SO THAT WE CAME BACK TO EARTH. 98 00:06:06,333 --> 00:06:09,236 AND THE REASON FOR DOING THAT, WHICH WE DID IN OCTOBER OF 2013 99 00:06:09,236 --> 00:06:14,374 WAS TO USE THE EARTH'S GRAVITY A SLINGSHOT AND GET EXTRA -- 100 00:06:14,374 --> 00:06:18,078 AN EXTRA BOOST AND THIS FINALLY GAVE US ENOUGH ENERGY TO GO T 101 00:06:18,078 --> 00:06:18,545 THEñr JUPITER. 102 00:06:18,545 --> 00:06:19,679 SO WE'RE IN THE FINAL COASTING PHASE NOW. 103 00:06:19,679 --> 00:06:28,588 WE'LL GET TO JUPITER ON 4th OF JULY AND SLOW IT DOWN SO WE 104 00:06:28,588 --> 00:06:29,122 DON'T BLOW ON PAST. 105 00:06:29,122 --> 00:06:30,624 THAT'S THE SCARIEST TIME OF THE WHOLE MISSION, BECAUSE YOU HAVE 106 00:06:30,624 --> 00:06:43,203 TO MAKE THE MAIN ENGINE WORK, YOU HAVE TO MAKE THE SPACECRAFT 107 00:06:43,203 --> 00:06:47,240 FIRE THE MAIN ENGINE AT THE RIGHT TIME SO YOU SLOW DOWN AND 108 00:06:47,240 --> 00:06:47,674 ORBIT JUPITER. 109 00:06:47,674 --> 00:06:49,142 IT DOESN'T HELP TO GET IT ALL FIGURED OUT AND HAVE A PROBLEM 110 00:06:49,142 --> 00:06:50,677 AND SOLVE THE PROBLEM AND FIRE IT HALF AN HOUR LATER BECAUSE BY 111 00:06:50,677 --> 00:06:51,311 THAT TIME IT'S TOO LATE. 112 00:06:51,311 --> 00:06:52,812 YOU DON'T GET INTO ORBIT. 113 00:06:52,812 --> 00:06:56,950 SO THAT'S WHY IT'S CRITICAL EVENT. 114 00:06:56,950 --> 00:06:58,418 AND WE'LL BE BITING OUR NAILS A LITTLE BIT ON THE 4th OF JULY. 115 00:06:58,418 --> 00:07:03,857 ALTHOUGH CROSS YOUR FINGERS I'M SE EVERYTHING WILL WORK GREAT. 116 00:07:03,857 --> 00:07:04,257 ALL RIGHT. 117 00:07:04,257 --> 00:07:05,659 BY NOW YOU SHOULD BE ASKING YOURSELF WHY ARE WE DOING THIS? 118 00:07:05,659 --> 00:07:15,368 AND THE ANSWER IS THAT EVEN THOUGH JUPITER IS THE LARGEST 119 00:07:15,368 --> 00:07:21,908 PLANET IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM BY FAR, TWICE AS BIG AS THE OTHERS, 120 00:07:21,908 --> 00:07:23,343 TWICE AS MUCH MASS AND EVEN THOUGH WE HAVE BEEN STUDYING IT 121 00:07:23,343 --> 00:07:24,878 LITERALLY FOR HUNDREDS OF YEARS IT'S ONE OF THE FIRST THINGS 122 00:07:24,878 --> 00:07:26,246 THAT ANYBO EVER LOOKED AT IN THE SKY WITH A TELESCOPE. 123 00:07:26,246 --> 00:07:38,124 AND EVEN THOUGHñrÑi YOU CAN SEE FROM THE EARTH AND WE HAVE HAD i 124 00:07:38,124 --> 00:07:43,063 SPACECRAFT THERE, MORE THAN ONE SPACECRAFT HAS GONE BY AND GAL 125 00:07:43,063 --> 00:07:46,966 ALLAY -- GALILEO SPENT A LOT TIME IN THE JOVIAN SYSTEM, BUT 126 00:07:46,966 --> 00:07:49,202 WE HAVE LOTS OF QUESTIONS ABOUT JUPITER. 127 00:07:49,202 --> 00:07:53,840 WHEN YOU LOOK AT JUPITER YOU SEE THE TOPS OF THE CLOUDS IN 128 00:07:53,840 --> 00:07:54,574 JUPITER'S ENORMOUS ATMOSPHERE. 129 00:07:54,574 --> 00:08:01,348 WE HAVE BASICñrCOMPOSITION, WHA MADE OUT OF? 130 00:08:01,348 --> 00:08:11,091 WE KNOW IT'S HYDROGEN, BUT THE MOST COMMON ELEMENT IS OXYGEN, 131 00:08:11,091 --> 00:08:15,729 AND WE DON'T KNOW HOW MUCH THERE IS AT JUPITER. 132 00:08:15,729 --> 00:08:18,732 WE THINK THAT'S A DENSE CORE BETWEEN 3 AND 20 TIMES THE MASS 133 00:08:18,732 --> 00:08:22,969 OF THE EARTH BUTçó WE HAVE NO DIRECT EVIDENCE THAT IT EXISTS 134 00:08:22,969 --> 00:08:23,570 LET ALONE HOW BIG IT IS. 135 00:08:23,570 --> 00:08:28,308 WE SEE A GIANT AURORA IN THE UPPER ATMOSPHERE. 136 00:08:28,308 --> 00:08:33,079 NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN LIGHTS LIKE THE AURORA HERE ON THE 137 00:08:33,079 --> 00:08:33,413 EARTH. 138 00:08:33,413 --> 00:08:33,880 ENORMOUSLY BIGGER. 139 00:08:33,880 --> 00:08:35,348 WE DON'T REALLY UNDERSTAND EXACTLY HOW THAT WORKS AND THE 140 00:08:35,348 --> 00:08:37,517 MECHANISMS THAT POWER THEM. 141 00:08:37,517 --> 00:08:39,452 WE KNOW THE GENERAL IDEA. 142 00:08:39,452 --> 00:08:40,587 JUPITER HAS AN ENORMOUS MAGNETIC FIELD. 143 00:08:40,587 --> 00:08:42,021 THE STRONGEST BY FAR OF ANY PLANET IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM AND 144 00:08:42,021 --> 00:08:48,795 WE THINK ACTUALLY THAT THAT MAGNETIC FIELD COMES FROM AN 145 00:08:48,795 --> 00:08:52,298 OCEAN OF LIQUID METALLIC HYDROGEN DEEP INSIDE THE PLANET 146 00:08:52,298 --> 00:08:57,070 BUT THE DETAILS OF H YOU FORM THAT MAGNETIC FIELD OR HOW YOU 147 00:08:57,070 --> 00:08:58,371 FORM A MAGNETIC FIELD E STILL A BIT OF A MYSTERY. 148 00:08:58,371 --> 00:09:02,776 WE HOPE TO SOLVE THE MYSTERIES. 149 00:09:02,776 --> 00:09:03,543 WE HOPE TO ANSWER THE QUESTIONS. 150 00:09:03,543 --> 00:09:04,611 THAT'S WHY WE'RE SENDING A SPACECRAFT. 151 00:09:04,611 --> 00:09:05,178 SO WHAT DO WE KNOW? 152 00:09:05,178 --> 00:09:14,354 WELL, WE KNOW FOR EXAMPLE THATÑ JUPITER'S HOTTER ON THE INSIDE 153 00:09:14,354 --> 00:09:14,854 THAN THE OUTSIDE. 154 00:09:14,854 --> 00:09:16,322 THAT'S BECAUSE IT'S STILL COOLING OFF 4 1/2 BILLION YEARS 155 00:09:16,322 --> 00:09:16,823 AFTER IT FORMED. 156 00:09:16,823 --> 00:09:17,891 THAT'S HOW BIG IT IS. 157 00:09:17,891 --> 00:09:23,129 WE KNOW SOMETHING ABOUT THE TEMPERATURE PROFILE OF THE 158 00:09:23,129 --> 00:09:23,530 ATMOSPHERE. 159 00:09:23,530 --> 00:09:28,935 HOW IT COOLS OFF. 160 00:09:28,935 --> 00:09:31,404 AND THAT'LL BECOME IMPORTANT LATER AS YOU WILL SEE, BECAUSE 161 00:09:31,404 --> 00:09:33,006 WE'LL USE THAT TO HELP US LEARN HOW MUCH WATER THERE IS WHICH 162 00:09:33,006 --> 00:09:34,707 TELLS US THE OXYGEN CONTENT. 163 00:09:34,707 --> 00:09:41,981 WE'RE PRETTY SURE THAT DEEP INSIDE THAT'S THIS OCEAN OF 164 00:09:41,981 --> 00:09:43,116 METALLIC HYDROGEN. 165 00:09:43,116 --> 00:09:45,752 YOU KNOW I TALK ABOUT JUNO AND JUPITER A LOT. 166 00:09:45,752 --> 00:09:51,291 I USE THAT PHRASE ALL 9k■ THE TIME, ASE ALL 167 00:09:51,291 --> 00:09:52,859 LIQUID METALLIC HYDROGEN. 168 00:09:52,859 --> 00:09:55,028 THINK OF ALL THREE WORDS, LIQUID, METALLIC, HYDROGEN. 169 00:09:55,028 --> 00:10:02,402 HYDROGEN IS THExD LIGHTEST ELEMT THERE IS. 170 00:10:02,402 --> 00:10:07,540 IF I FILL A BALLOON HERE ON EARTH WITH IT IT WOULD FLOAT UP 171 00:10:07,540 --> 00:10:07,941 TO THE SKY. 172 00:10:07,941 --> 00:10:11,177 ON JUPITER THE CONDITIONS ARE SO INTENSE, THE PRESSURE IS SO HIGH 173 00:10:11,177 --> 00:10:16,249 FROM■ç THE ENORMOUS GRAVITY THA NOT ONLY HAS THAT HYDROGEN GAS 174 00:10:16,249 --> 00:10:17,717 BEEN SQUEEZED DOWN INTO THE LIQUID, BUT SQUEEZED OF THE 175 00:10:17,717 --> 00:10:20,653 LECTRONS ARE COME OFF THE ATOMS. 176 00:10:20,653 --> 00:10:21,087 IT'S A METAL. 177 00:10:21,087 --> 00:10:30,997 IT'S THE SWIRLING MOTION OF THAT LIQUID METALLIC HYDROGEN THAT WE 178 00:10:30,997 --> 00:10:36,302 THINK GENERATES JUPITER'S ENORMOUS MAGNETIC FIELD. 179 00:10:36,302 --> 00:10:43,142 DOWN UNDERNEATH THAT WE THINK THERE SHOULD BE A DENSE CORE IN 180 00:10:43,142 --> 00:10:43,743 THE CENTER OF JUPITER. 181 00:10:43,743 --> 00:10:45,078 THERE'S NO WAY WE CAN GET ANYWHERE CLOSE ENOUGH TO 182 00:10:45,078 --> 00:10:47,714 DIRECTLY SAMPLE THAT CORE OR EVEN METALLIC HYDROGEN LAYER 183 00:10:47,714 --> 00:10:49,215 WHICH IS A COUPLE MILLION TIMES THE PRESSURE HERE ON THE EARTH. 184 00:10:49,215 --> 00:10:54,487 SO WE NEED TO FIGURE OUT A WAY TO MEASURE IT INDIRECTLY. 185 00:10:54,487 --> 00:10:55,822 THAT WAS THE PUZZLE FOR JUNO. 186 00:10:55,822 --> 00:10:59,826 THAT'S WHAT WE TRIED TO DO IS COME UP WITH A WAY TO LEARN 187 00:10:59,826 --> 00:11:06,232 ABOUT THE INTERIOR OF JUPITER WITHOUT GOING INSIDE IT. 188 00:11:06,232 --> 00:11:10,036 I SHOULD MENTION AS WELL OF COURSE THERE'S WEATHER USE. 189 00:11:10,036 --> 00:11:13,239 YOU SEE ON JUPITER THE UPPER ATMOSPHERE AND CLOUDS AND 190 00:11:13,239 --> 00:11:15,141 STREAMS AND THINGS MOVING AND SO FORTH. 191 00:11:15,141 --> 00:11:20,246 WE WANT TO GET -- WE WANT TO PENETRATE BELOW THAT WEATHER, AT 192 00:11:20,246 --> 00:11:21,447 LEAST WE WANT TO STUDY WHAT'S BELOW THE WEATHER. 193 00:11:21,447 --> 00:11:21,748 OKAY. 194 00:11:21,748 --> 00:11:30,957 SO ONE OF THE KEY PUZZLES ABOUT JUPITER IS WHEN THE GALILEO 195 00:11:30,957 --> 00:11:32,592 SPACECRAFT DROPPED A PROBE IN JUPITER, WE DROPPED IT INTO ONE 196 00:11:32,592 --> 00:11:35,495 SPOT ON JUPITER IN THE 1990s. 197 00:11:35,495 --> 00:11:36,129 MEASURED A LOT OF THINGS. 198 00:11:36,129 --> 00:11:39,799 WE LEARNED A LOT FROM GALILEO AND FROM THE PROBE. 199 00:11:39,799 --> 00:11:41,301 BUT ONE OF THE THINGS WE FOUND WAS A REAL PUZZLE THAT NOBODY 200 00:11:41,301 --> 00:11:41,768 HAD ANTICIPATED. 201 00:11:41,768 --> 00:11:48,875 THAT IS IF YOU TAKE THE HEAVIER ELEMENTS IN JUPITER AND MEASURE 202 00:11:48,875 --> 00:11:53,947 HOW MUCH THERE ARE AND YOU COMPARE THE RATIO OF THE HEAVIER 203 00:11:53,947 --> 00:11:56,149 STUFF TO HYDROGEN WHICH IS MOST OF THE PLANET, THEN YOU TAKE IT 204 00:11:56,149 --> 00:11:59,719 AND COMPARE IT TO THE SUN. 205 00:11:59,719 --> 00:12:01,220 WELL, IF JUPITER FORMED ALL AT ONCE FROM SAME CLOUD OF GAS AND 206 00:12:01,220 --> 00:12:07,493 DUST THAT MADE THE SUN,HEN THE PROPORTION OF ALL THE ELEMENTS 207 00:12:07,493 --> 00:12:08,361 SHOULD BE ABOUT THE SAME. 208 00:12:08,361 --> 00:12:09,729 IF I TOOK THE RATIO OF SAY ARGONNE TO HYDROGEN, I SHOULD 209 00:12:09,729 --> 00:12:18,304 FOUND ABOUT THE SAME RATIO IN JUPITER AR"IN THE SUN. 210 00:12:18,304 --> 00:12:22,442 OR CRYPTON OR ZENNEN. 211 00:12:22,442 --> 00:12:24,377 THESE ARE MEASURED BY THE GALILEO PROBE AND TAPE THAT 212 00:12:24,377 --> 00:12:25,044 FOUND, THEY WERE ENRICHED. 213 00:12:25,044 --> 00:12:27,347 IT WAS TWO OR THREE TIMES AS MUCH OF THE HEAVIER ELEMENT AS 214 00:12:27,347 --> 00:12:30,883 ONE WOULD EXPECT. 215 00:12:30,883 --> 00:12:32,218 SO THAT WAS THE PUZZLE, HOW THE HECK DID THAT HAPPEN? 216 00:12:32,218 --> 00:12:41,227 AND THEN WATER THEY FOUND ALMOST NONE. 217 00:12:41,227 --> 00:12:43,363 SO ULTIMATELY AFTER PUZZLING OVER THIS FOR A WHILE AND COMING 218 00:12:43,363 --> 00:12:44,797 UP WITH VARIOUS THEORIES AND EXPLANATIONS AND SO FORTH, THE 219 00:12:44,797 --> 00:12:53,573 CONCLUSION THAT MOST PEOPLE AGREED ON IS THAT FOR THE WATER, 220 00:12:53,573 --> 00:12:55,975 WE DIDN'T GET THE GLOBAL WATER ABUNDANCE. 221 00:12:55,975 --> 00:12:57,410 WE WERE MEASURING IN ONE SPOT AND WE THOUGHT THAT WHEN THE 222 00:12:57,410 --> 00:13:03,249 PROBE WENT IN TO BEYOND 20 BARS, 20 TIMES THE PRESSURE HERE ON 223 00:13:03,249 --> 00:13:05,785 THE EARTH THAT WOULD BE DEEP ENOUGH TO WHERE THE WATER WAS 224 00:13:05,785 --> 00:13:07,053 WELL MIXED. 225 00:13:07,053 --> 00:13:08,655 BUT WE MUST HAVE BEEN WRONG. 226 00:13:08,655 --> 00:13:13,292 THERE WAS OTHER EVIDENCE FOR THAT, BUT THE VALUE WAS STILL 227 00:13:13,292 --> 00:13:13,993 CHANGING AS THE PROBE WENT IN. 228 00:13:13,993 --> 00:13:19,532 SO WE GOT UNLUCKY AND IT WENT INTO THE DRY SPOT. 229 00:13:19,532 --> 00:13:20,633 WENT INTO THE SAHARA DESERT ON JUPITER. 230 00:13:20,633 --> 00:13:22,235 AND THEREFORE, WE SAW HARDLY ANY WATER, BUT THAT DOESN'T 231 00:13:22,235 --> 00:13:27,940 REPRESENT THE GLOBAL ABUNDANCE OF WATER ON JUPITER. 232 00:13:27,940 --> 00:13:31,110 WE DON'T KNOW FOR SURE IF THAT'S TRUE, BUT THAT'S THE EXPLANATION 233 00:13:31,110 --> 00:13:32,612 WE'RE GOING WITH AT THE MOMENT, BECAUSE OTHERWISE, NOBODY KNOWS 234 00:13:32,612 --> 00:13:40,687 WHY THERE WOULD BE SO LITTLE WATER. 235 00:13:40,687 --> 00:13:42,055 IT'S AT LEAST A PLAUSIBLE EXPLANATION, BUT ONE OF THE 236 00:13:42,055 --> 00:13:44,157 REASONS THAT JUNO WANTS TO MEASURE IT A DIFFERENT WAY. 237 00:13:44,157 --> 00:13:46,893 THEN THE REST OF THESE -- WELL, THE LEADING THEORY FOR HOW YOU 238 00:13:46,893 --> 00:13:49,862 GET THAT ENRICHMENT, INSTEAD OF FORMING ALL AT ONCE, FROM THE 239 00:13:49,862 --> 00:13:52,131 SAME CLOUD OF GAS AND DUST THAT FORMS THE SUN, IMAGINE THAT WHAT 240 00:13:52,131 --> 00:14:02,141 HAPPENED IS ASTEROID SIZED OBJECTS OUT OFICE, BECAUSE THAT 241 00:14:02,141 --> 00:14:04,243 COULD BE A SOLID, STARTED TO FORM. 242 00:14:04,243 --> 00:14:10,216 IN THE EARLY SOLAR SYSTEM BEFORE WE HAD PLANETS THOSE ICY PLANETS 243 00:14:10,216 --> 00:14:14,120 STUCK TOGETHER. 244 00:14:14,120 --> 00:14:15,388 THEY CRASHED INTO EACH OTHER AND BIG PIECES STUCK. 245 00:14:15,388 --> 00:14:21,027 YOU WOUND UP WITH A PLANET THAT GREW FIRST FROM ICY PLANET TEZ 246 00:14:21,027 --> 00:14:27,033 MALLS, UNTIL IT HAD ENOUGH GAS TO GATHER IN THE HYDROGEN AND 247 00:14:27,033 --> 00:14:27,366 HELIUM. 248 00:14:27,366 --> 00:14:31,003 THAT WOULD EXPLAIN THE ENRICHMENT OF THE HEAVIER 249 00:14:31,003 --> 00:14:31,370 ELEMENTS. 250 00:14:31,370 --> 00:14:34,173 IT WOULD PREDICT THAT YOU FIND A LOT OF WATER AND HOW IT FORMED. 251 00:14:34,173 --> 00:14:38,644 BECAUSE IF IT FORMED CLOSE TO THE SUN WHERE IT'S WARM, YOU GET 252 00:14:38,644 --> 00:14:43,316 A DIFFERENT AMOUNT OF WATER THAN FAR FROM WHERE IT'S COLD. 253 00:14:43,316 --> 00:14:45,284 HOW MUCH IT COULD CARRY DEPENDS ON THE TEMPERATURE. 254 00:14:45,284 --> 00:14:46,853 THINGS THAT ARE REALLY COLD ARE GOING TO STICK TO THE WATER BED 255 00:14:46,853 --> 00:14:51,224 OTHER THAN THINGS THAT AREN' OKAY. 256 00:14:51,224 --> 00:14:55,094 SO IT LEFT US WITH A KEY PUZZLE, WHAT'S THE WATER AND LEFT US 257 00:14:55,094 --> 00:14:55,561 WITH A MISSION. 258 00:14:55,561 --> 00:15:01,467 WITH A SPACECRAFT ON THE WAY TO JUPITER TO TRY TO ANSWER THAT 259 00:15:01,467 --> 00:15:04,971 FUNDAMENTAL QUESTION OF HOW DID JUPITER FORM, WHICH REMEMBER, 260 00:15:04,971 --> 00:15:07,840 IT'S A KEY TO NOT JUST HOW JUPITER FORMED BUT BECAUSE IT'S 261 00:15:07,840 --> 00:15:13,212 THE LARGEST AND IT FORMED FIRST IT'S A KEY TO HOW DID THE OTHER 262 00:15:13,212 --> 00:15:14,480 PLANETS FORM, HOW DID SOLAR SYSTEMS FORM? 263 00:15:14,480 --> 00:15:15,581 WHERE DO WE COME FROM KIND OF QUESTIONS. 264 00:15:15,581 --> 00:15:19,719 ALL RIGHT. 265 00:15:19,719 --> 00:15:22,321 WELL, I PROMISED TO RUSH THROUGH AND GET TO WHERE WE COULD ANSWER 266 00:15:22,321 --> 00:15:26,325 QUESTIONS, SO I'LL SPEND EIGHT HOURS ON THIS SLIDE. 267 00:15:26,325 --> 00:15:33,599 BUT THAT'S BECAUSE IT COVERS MORE OR LESS THE WHOLE MISSION. 268 00:15:33,599 --> 00:15:36,903 SO WHAT YOU SEE HERE ON THE LEFT ARE THE FOUR BIG QUESTIONS WE'RE 269 00:15:36,903 --> 00:15:37,403 TRYING TO ANSWER. 270 00:15:37,403 --> 00:15:49,916 OBVIOUSLY, ANY SPACE MISSION, YOU KNOW, YOU'RE ANSWERING LOTS 271 00:15:49,916 --> 00:15:53,152 OF DIFFERENT QUESTIONS. 272 00:15:53,152 --> 00:15:53,886 BUT THE FIRST THEME IS ORIGINS. 273 00:15:53,886 --> 00:15:55,388 WE WANT TO UNDERSTAND HOW THE PLANETS FORM, HOW DO SOLAR 274 00:15:55,388 --> 00:15:56,823 SYSTEMS FORM AND THE KEY TO THAT, THE MOST IMPORTANT SINGLE 275 00:15:56,823 --> 00:15:58,357 NUMBER WE'LL MEASURE PROBABLY IS THE GLOBAL ABUNDANCE OF WATER. 276 00:15:58,357 --> 00:15:59,392 HOW MUCH WATER IS THERE IN JUPITER? 277 00:15:59,392 --> 00:16:04,330 NOT FOR THE USUAL REASONS. 278 00:16:04,330 --> 00:16:07,466 YOU HAVE HEARD OF, YOU KNOW, LOOKING FOR WATER ON MARS OR 279 00:16:07,466 --> 00:16:13,973 LOOKING AT WATER ON EUROPA BECAUSE WE'RE INTERESTED IN 280 00:16:15,942 --> 00:16:14,273 LIFE. 281 00:16:15,942 --> 00:16:19,045 WHAT WE'RE INTERESTED IN THE WATER CONTENT FOR IS HOW DID 282 00:16:19,045 --> 00:16:19,679 JUPITER FORM. 283 00:16:19,679 --> 00:16:25,484 WE WANT TO FIND OUT IF THERE'S A DENSE CORE DOWN IN THERE. 284 00:16:25,484 --> 00:16:26,619 HOW BIG THAT CORE IS, ASSUMING IT'S THERE. 285 00:16:26,619 --> 00:16:30,756 TELLS YOU ABOUT HOW MANY HEAVY ELEMENTS CAME IN AND HOW THINGS 286 00:16:30,756 --> 00:16:31,257 WERE PUT TOGETHER. 287 00:16:31,257 --> 00:16:32,058 IT'S ANOTHER CLUE TO THE ORIGIN. 288 00:16:32,058 --> 00:16:34,527 IN GENERAL WE WANT TO UNDERSND THE INTERIOR OF JUPITER. 289 00:16:34,527 --> 00:16:39,498 LOOK AT JUPITER, WE'RE SEEING THIS ENORMOUS ATMOSPHERE. 290 00:16:39,498 --> 00:16:59,986 300 TIMES THE MASS OF THE EARTH, YOU CAN FIT OVER A THOUSAND 291 00:16:59,986 --> 00:17:00,486 EARTHS INSIDE IT. 292 00:17:00,486 --> 00:17:01,988 WHAT WE SERING IS THE TOPS -- WE'RE SEEING IS THE TOPS OF THE 293 00:17:01,988 --> 00:17:03,022 CLOUDS FLOATING IN THE ATMOSPHERE. 294 00:17:03,022 --> 00:17:04,223 A TINY THIN LAYER OF JUPITER WE WANT TO SEE. 295 00:17:04,223 --> 00:17:05,524 WE WANT TO FIND OUT WHAT'S INSIDE THERE, WHAT'S THE 296 00:17:05,524 --> 00:17:06,092 INTERIOR MADE OUT OF. 297 00:17:06,092 --> 00:17:07,493 SO WE'LL DO THAT BY MEASURING GRAVITY FROM JUPITER AND THE 298 00:17:07,493 --> 00:17:08,160 MAGNETIC FIELD FROM JUPITER. 299 00:17:08,160 --> 00:17:09,629 WE'LL LOOK AT THE WATER BY MEASURING BOTH OF THOSE ANDÑi T 300 00:17:09,629 --> 00:17:11,931 RADIO WAVES THAT COME OUT OF JUPITER. 301 00:17:11,931 --> 00:17:16,702 SO I'VE GOT COLOR CODING OVER L TSEILAFCTANOFSEE IT. 302 00:17:16,702 --> 00:17:23,743 THE QUESTIONS, BUT PRIMARILY IF YOU WANT TO KNOW ABOUT THE 303 00:17:23,743 --> 00:17:28,080 ERERANWHH STMENTS INOOFOTHGRN TS WILL MEASURE THAT AND THE BLUE 304 00:17:28,080 --> 00:17:29,982 FOR THE INTERIOR AND SO FORTH. 305 00:17:29,982 --> 00:17:34,553 WE WANT TO UNDERSTAND THE ATMOSPHERE OF THE PLANETS, 306 00:17:34,553 --> 00:17:35,655 MSOLY ATMOSPHERE FROM WHAT WE CAN SEE. 307 00:17:35,655 --> 00:17:37,189 WE WANT TO UNDERSTAND ABOUT THE ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION AND WE 308 00:17:37,189 --> 00:17:46,566 W EPLLHO TNGGOTAND THE DYNAMICS, WE SEE THE GREAT RED SPOT IS A 309 00:17:46,566 --> 00:17:51,470 STORM BIGGER THAN THE ENTIRE EAH. 310 00:17:51,470 --> 00:17:52,471 WE HAVE AN IDEA WHAT POWERS THAT. 311 00:17:52,471 --> 00:18:00,346 IT'SOWEDY E ATEANG OUT FROM INSIDE JUPITER. 312 00:18:00,346 --> 00:18:01,380 WE WANT TO KNOW HOW DEEP DOES THAT GO. 313 00:18:01,380 --> 00:18:02,915 WE SEE THE BELTS AND ZONES, JET STREAMS MOVING AT HUNDREDS OF 314 00:18:02,915 --> 00:18:04,016 MILES AN HOUR IN DIFFERENT DIRECTIONS. 315 00:18:04,016 --> 00:18:04,517 WHAT DRIVES THAT? 316 00:18:04,517 --> 00:18:06,218 HOW DOES THAT BECOME THE JUPITER THAT WE SEE? 317 00:18:06,218 --> 00:18:15,127 ALL OF THAT IS TIED UP IN THIS QUESTION OF THE ATMOSPHERE, THE 318 00:18:15,127 --> 00:18:15,494 DYNAMICS. 319 00:18:15,494 --> 00:18:21,033 AND THEN FINALLY, JUPITER HAS THIS HUGE MAGNETIC FIELD AN IT 320 00:18:21,033 --> 00:18:27,073 HAS A MAGNETOSPHERE THAT STRETCHES SO BIG, IF IT WAS 321 00:18:27,073 --> 00:18:28,708 VISIBLE FROM THE EARTH IT WOULD BE BIGGER THAN THE FULL MOON. 322 00:18:28,708 --> 00:18:31,243 ENORMOUS MAGNETIC FIELD AROUND JUPITER TRAPS PARTICLES. 323 00:18:31,243 --> 00:18:32,211 IT HAS A RAPIDLY ROTATING PLANET. 324 00:18:32,211 --> 00:18:39,819 JUPITER, 300 TIMES THE MASS OF THE EARTH. 325 00:18:39,819 --> 00:18:42,388 MORE THAN A THOUSAND TIMES THE i VOLUME. 326 00:18:42,388 --> 00:18:46,325 IT SPINS TWICEçó AS FAST AS THE EARTH. 327 00:18:46,325 --> 00:18:48,894 WELL, THAT MAGNETOSPHERE IS A MAGNETIC FIELD SPINNING AROUND, 328 00:18:48,894 --> 00:18:52,665 IT HAS TO TIE UP WITH THE MAGNETIC FIELD FROM THE SUN. 329 00:18:52,665 --> 00:18:56,068 SO IF YOU GET FAR FROM JUPITER, IT'S GOT TO MATCH UP TO A 330 00:18:56,068 --> 00:19:00,673 MAGNETIC FIELD THAT'S NOT ROTATING. 331 00:19:00,673 --> 00:19:04,010 CLOSER TO THE PLANET IT'S ROTATING LIKE CRAZY. 332 00:19:04,010 --> 00:19:09,782 SOMEWRE IN BETWEEN, THE CLUTCH HAS TO SLIP, RIGHT?ñrÑi 333 00:19:09,782 --> 00:19:10,950 WE THINK THAT'S WHAT DRIVES THE AURORA. 334 00:19:10,950 --> 00:19:17,256 SO YOU SEE THESE NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN LIGHTS STREAMING DOWN 335 00:19:17,256 --> 00:19:21,661 THE MAGNETIC LINES, CRUSHING IN THE UPPER ATMOSPHERE AND GLOWIN■ 336 00:19:21,661 --> 00:19:23,996 THAT'S THE NORTHERN OR THE SOUTHERN LIGHTS. 337 00:19:23,996 --> 00:19:26,632 WE WANT TO UNDERSTAND THE MECHANISM THAT MAKES THAT WORK. 338 00:19:26,632 --> 00:19:27,900 HOW DOES THIS WHOLE MAGNETOSPHERE WORK, SO THAT'S 339 00:19:27,900 --> 00:19:33,673 ANOTHER CENTRAL AREA OF WHAT WE'RE TRYING TO STUDY. 340 00:19:33,673 --> 00:19:35,174 NOW, IF IT TURNS OUT WE'RE IN A PRETTY GOOD ORBIT TO DO THAT, I 341 00:19:35,174 --> 00:19:42,314 GUESS THERE'S AN ORBIT DRAWN ON HERE, BUT YOU CAN'T SEE IT. 342 00:19:42,314 --> 00:19:43,783 CAN YOU SEE IT IN THE AUDIENCE, CAN YOU SEE THE LINE DRAWN IN 343 00:19:43,783 --> 00:19:46,385 THERE? 344 00:19:46,385 --> 00:19:47,420 IT'S A THIN LINE. 345 00:19:47,420 --> 00:19:48,888 BUT BASICALLY, OUR PLAN IS THE SPACECRAFT IS GOING TO COME IN 346 00:19:48,888 --> 00:19:53,526 OVER THE POLE OF JUPITER AND AROUND LIKE THAT. 347 00:19:53,526 --> 00:20:00,232 A COUPLE HOURS FROM POLE TO POLE AND THENxD 14 DAYS OUT FAR FROM 348 00:20:00,232 --> 00:20:01,767 THE PLANET AND THEN COME AROUND AGAIN EVERY TWO WEEKS FOR ABOUT 349 00:20:01,767 --> 00:20:02,268 A YEAR AND A HALF. 350 00:20:02,268 --> 00:20:09,775 AND ONE OF THE REASONS WE'RE DOING THAT IS JUPITER IS 351 00:20:09,775 --> 00:20:11,777 SURROUND BY RADIATION BELTS. 352 00:20:11,777 --> 00:20:15,981 THAT MAGNETIC FIELD IS TRAPPING HIGH ENERGY PARTICLES, HIGH 353 00:20:15,981 --> 00:20:20,786 ENERGY LECTRONS CIRCLING. 354 00:20:20,786 --> 00:20:21,787 LIKE THE VAN ALLEN BELTS ON EARTH. 355 00:20:21,787 --> 00:20:30,563 JUPITER IS MUCH BIGGER AND THOSE HIGH ENERGY LECTRONS ARE GOING 356 00:20:30,563 --> 00:20:32,064 TO FLY THE ELECTRONICS OF THE SPACECRAFT IF YOU FLY THROUGH 357 00:20:32,064 --> 00:20:32,331 THEM. 358 00:20:32,331 --> 00:20:33,599 WE NEED A WAY TO AVOID THE BELTS. 359 00:20:33,599 --> 00:20:41,340 PREVIOUS SPACECRAFT HAVE DONE THE SENSIBLE THING, THEY HAVE 360 00:20:41,340 --> 00:20:47,580 STAYED OUT THE RADIATION BELT, FAR FROM THE PLANET. 361 00:20:47,580 --> 00:20:48,247 WE'RE EITHER BRAVER OR DUMBER. 362 00:20:48,247 --> 00:20:49,715 WHAT WE'RE DOING WITH OUR SPACECRAFT WE'LL FLY IT UNDER 363 00:20:49,715 --> 00:20:50,616 THE RADIATION BELT. 364 00:20:50,616 --> 00:20:52,551 BETWEEN THAT DOUGHNUT AND THE PLANET. 365 00:20:52,551 --> 00:20:55,855 SO WE COME IN OVER THE POLE OF JUPITER. 366 00:20:55,855 --> 00:20:58,224 IF YOU CAN'T SEE THE LINE, I'LL DRAW IT WITH THE ARROW. 367 00:20:58,224 --> 00:21:02,128 COME OVER THE POLE OF JUPITER, DUCK DOWN IN HERE AND THREAD THE 368 00:21:02,128 --> 00:21:04,930 NEEDLE BETWEEN THE RADIATION BELT AND THE PLANET AND COME OUT 369 00:21:04,930 --> 00:21:05,231 AGAIN. 370 00:21:05,231 --> 00:21:11,303 SO OUR FIRST ORBIT IS COMING IN PRETTY MUCH PARALLEL LIKE THAT. 371 00:21:11,303 --> 00:21:15,040 SO WE'VE GOT A NICE PATH OVER THE POLE, GET A GREAT VIEW OF 372 00:21:15,040 --> 00:21:16,575 THE POLES OF JUPITER. 373 00:21:16,575 --> 00:21:17,543 WHICH HAVEN'T BEEN SEEN WELL. 374 00:21:17,543 --> 00:21:20,379 COME IN CLOSE TO THE PLANET SO WE CAN MEASURE THE GRAVITY OF 375 00:21:20,379 --> 00:21:22,848 THE MAGNETIC FIELD AND ZIP OUT THE OTHER SIDE. 376 00:21:22,848 --> 00:21:28,320 SPEND TWO WEEKS RECOVERING AND DO IT ALL AGAIN. 377 00:21:28,320 --> 00:21:32,158 BUT THE PROBLEM IS JUPITER IS NOT A PERFECT SPHERE. 378 00:21:32,158 --> 00:21:35,094 REMEMBER IT'S ROTATING EVERY TEN HOURS SO IT STRETCHES OUT THE 379 00:21:35,094 --> 00:21:38,397 EQUATOR AND THAT MEANS OUR ORBIT AROUND JUPITER WON'T STAY THAT 380 00:21:38,397 --> 00:21:38,697 WAY. 381 00:21:38,697 --> 00:21:41,200 THE LINE OF THE ORBIT IS GOING TO SHIFT, SO BY THE END OF THE 382 00:21:41,200 --> 00:21:47,006 MISSION IT'S DOWN LIKE THIS. 383 00:21:47,006 --> 00:21:50,676 PASSING PARTLY THROUGH THE RADIATION BELTS SO WE'LL BUILD 384 00:21:50,676 --> 00:21:51,744 UP A RADIATION DOSE AS WE GO ALONG. 385 00:21:51,744 --> 00:21:53,112 THAT'S MOSTLY WHAT DETERMINES THE LIFETIME OF THE MISSION. 386 00:21:53,112 --> 00:21:54,780 ALL RIGHT. 387 00:21:54,780 --> 00:21:56,348 I TOLD YOU IT WOULD TAKE A LONG TIME ON THIS SLIDE. 388 00:21:56,348 --> 00:22:08,327 SOñr WE'RE GOING THE MEASURE TH INTERIOR OF JUPITER. 389 00:22:08,327 --> 00:22:13,566 GRAVITY COS FROM THE ENTIRE PLANET, INCLUDING THE BELTS AND 390 00:22:13,566 --> 00:22:16,802 OF THE SPACECRAFT AS IT FALLS AROUND THE PLANE WE'LL BEçó 391 00:22:16,802 --> 00:22:19,305 MEASURING THE GRAVITY FROM JUPITER AND MEASURING THE 392 00:22:19,305 --> 00:22:19,705 INTERIOR. 393 00:22:19,705 --> 00:22:25,477 SECOND, REMEMBER THE MAGNETIC FIELD I SAID COMES FROM THE 394 00:22:25,477 --> 00:22:27,813 OCEAN OF LIQUID METALLIC HYDROGEN DEEP INSIDE THE PLANET. 395 00:22:27,813 --> 00:22:32,218 WE'RE MEASURING THE METALLIC LIQUID HYDROGEN. 396 00:22:32,218 --> 00:22:34,653 THEN MICROWAVES PENETRATE THROUGH THE CLOUDS, SO WE HAVE 397 00:22:34,653 --> 00:22:35,855 MICROWAVE RECEIVER ON BOARD THATR!HTáJjURUáQ 398 00:22:35,855 --> 00:22:43,195 THATR!HTHE NATURAL RADIO EMISSION ON JUPITER, WE'LL 399 00:22:43,195 --> 00:22:44,864 SEE THAT RADIO GLOW COMING FROM THE INSIDE AND WE USE THAT TO 400 00:22:44,864 --> 00:22:51,036 LEARN ABOUT THE DEEP ATMOSPHERE. 401 00:22:51,036 --> 00:22:54,740 THEN AS Iñr MENTIONED WE HAVE TS INTEREST IN THE MAGNETOSPHERE WE 402 00:22:54,740 --> 00:22:55,941 HAVE A WHOLE SUITE OF INSTRUMENTS ON BOARD THE 403 00:22:55,941 --> 00:22:56,375 SPACECRAFT. 404 00:22:56,375 --> 00:23:02,748 WHOSE JOB IT IS TO MEASURE THE PARTICLES THAT HIT THE 405 00:23:02,748 --> 00:23:03,148 SPACECRAFT. 406 00:23:03,148 --> 00:23:13,092 MEASURE THE PLASMA WAVES AND THE PLASMA IN THE MAGNETOSPHERE AND 407 00:23:13,092 --> 00:23:15,761 ULTRAVIOLET SPECTROMETER THAT WILL TAKE PICTURES OF THE AURORA 408 00:23:15,761 --> 00:23:19,498 AND MEASURE THE SPECTRA THAT WILL HELP US WITH THEÑi 409 00:23:19,498 --> 00:23:19,898 ATMOSPHERE. 410 00:23:19,898 --> 00:23:22,034 THEN WE HAVE A VISIBLE CAMERA ON BOARD. 411 00:23:22,034 --> 00:23:23,769 WHICH ACTUALLY IT WILL DO SOME GOOD SCIENCE, BUT IT'S NOT THERE 412 00:23:23,769 --> 00:23:24,169 FOR SCIENCE. 413 00:23:24,169 --> 00:23:27,306 IT'S AN OUTREACH CAMERA. 414 00:23:27,306 --> 00:23:29,575 THE REASON WE'RE CARRYING A CAMERA IS MOSTLY FOR OUTREACH 415 00:23:29,575 --> 00:23:35,547 AND EDUCATION SO THAT THE GENERAL PUBLIC CAN HAVE A HAND 416 00:23:35,547 --> 00:23:36,115 IN USING THAT CAMERA. 417 00:23:36,115 --> 00:23:39,451 I'LL TALK ABOUT THAT AT THE END OF THE TALK. 418 00:23:39,451 --> 00:23:39,852 ALL RIGHT. 419 00:23:39,852 --> 00:23:47,192 SO FINALLY, OFF OF THIS SLIDE.ñr BUT THERE'S THE SPAFT CRAFT WITH 420 00:23:47,192 --> 00:23:48,193 THE DIFFERENT INSTRUMENTS ON IT. 421 00:23:48,193 --> 00:23:49,194 TO SHOW YOU ROUGHLY WHERE THEY ARE. 422 00:23:49,194 --> 00:23:52,231 THE GRE BIG THINGS ARE THE SOLAR■ç PANELS TO GIVE YOU A SEE 423 00:23:52,231 --> 00:23:52,598 OF SCALE. 424 00:23:52,598 --> 00:23:53,599 LOTS OF DIFFERENT WAYS TO DO THAT. 425 00:23:53,599 --> 00:24:02,908 BUT THE WAY I LIKE TO THINK OF IT IS IF YOU PART THE 18 -- PARK 426 00:24:02,908 --> 00:24:06,178 THE 18 WHEELER TRUCK ON THE SPACECRAFT, FIRST OF ALL, I'D 427 00:24:06,178 --> 00:24:07,346 KILL YOU IF YOU PARKED IT ON THE SPACECRAFT. 428 00:24:07,346 --> 00:24:10,649 BUT THEN THE SIZE OF THE CONTAINER PART OF THE TRUCK, 429 00:24:10,649 --> 00:24:16,722 JUST ABOUT FIT ON ONE OF THOSEÑ SOLAR RAYS. 430 00:24:16,722 --> 00:24:17,856 ON ONE OF THOSE ARMS. 431 00:24:17,856 --> 00:24:19,024 THAT'S THE SIZE OF IT. 432 00:24:19,024 --> 00:24:23,028 ANOTHER WAY TO LOOK AT IT ISçó A PROFESSIONAL BASKETBALL COURT, 433 00:24:23,028 --> 00:24:24,296 YOU COULD BARELY FIT THE SPACECRAFT ON THE COURT. 434 00:24:24,296 --> 00:24:24,763 THAT'S THE SIZE. 435 00:24:24,763 --> 00:24:32,404 THEN THERE'S A MAGNETOMETER ON THE BOOM ON THE FAR END OF THE 436 00:24:32,404 --> 00:24:32,805 SPACECRAFT. 437 00:24:32,805 --> 00:24:38,911 ANY IDEA WHY I HAVE THE MAGNETOMETER WAY OUT ON THE ENDi 438 00:24:38,911 --> 00:24:40,879 TO BE AWARE FROM THE SPACECRAFT, RIGHT. 439 00:24:40,879 --> 00:24:44,350 I WANT TO MEASURE THE MAGTIC FIELD OF JUPITER, NOT THE 440 00:24:44,350 --> 00:24:46,719 MAGNETIC FIELD OF THE SPACECRAFT. 441 00:24:46,719 --> 00:24:55,627 BY HAVING THE MAGNETOMETER FAR FROM THE SPACECRAFT AND HAVING 442 00:24:55,627 --> 00:25:01,300 ONE CLOSER, TO DO A COMPARISON, AND HAVING A MAGNETICALLY CLEAN 443 00:25:01,300 --> 00:25:05,270 SPACECRAFT, KEEP IT AS LOW AS WE CAN MAKE IT, PUT ALL OF THOSE 444 00:25:05,270 --> 00:25:09,475 TOGETHER AND JACK McINNERRY CAN MEASURE THE MAGNETIC FIELD OF 445 00:25:09,475 --> 00:25:14,880 JUPITER AND NOT SO MUCH THE MAGNETIC FIELD OF THE 446 00:25:14,880 --> 00:25:15,280 SPACECRAFT. 447 00:25:15,280 --> 00:25:17,716 ALTHOUGH THE TRUTH IS HE CAN MEASURE THE SPACECRAFT REALLY 448 00:25:17,716 --> 00:25:21,487 WELL TOO. 449 00:25:21,487 --> 00:25:21,787 OKAY. 450 00:25:21,787 --> 00:25:23,789 SIX DIFFERENT CHANNELS ARE SPREAD OUT AROUND IT. 451 00:25:23,789 --> 00:25:30,329 WE'LL DO THE GRAVITY SCIENCE, I'LL TALK ABOUT THAT IN A WHILE. 452 00:25:30,329 --> 00:25:31,330 YOU CAN SEE THE OTHER INSTRUMENTS. 453 00:25:31,330 --> 00:25:32,765 I WON'T GO THROUGH ONE BY ONE BECAUSE THEY'RE LINES ON THE 454 00:25:32,765 --> 00:25:33,332 CHART AT THE MOMENT. 455 00:25:33,332 --> 00:25:34,800 SO INSTEAD LET'S TALK ABOUT THE MAIN EXPERIMENTS A LITTLE BIT. 456 00:25:34,800 --> 00:25:41,974 SO THE FIRST ONE THAT WE'LL TALK ABOUT IS THE MICROWAVE 457 00:25:41,974 --> 00:25:42,574 RADIOMETER CALLED MWR. 458 00:25:42,574 --> 00:25:50,816 WHAT WE HAVE IS SIX MICROWAVE ANTENNAS DISTRIBUTED AROUND THE 459 00:25:50,816 --> 00:25:51,216 SPACECRAFT. 460 00:25:51,216 --> 00:25:53,218 THE LOWEST FREQUENCY, THIS GREAT BIG SHINING THING HERE, THIS 461 00:25:53,218 --> 00:26:00,959 ANTENNA PRETTY MUCH DETERMINED THE SIZE OF THE SPACECRAFT. 462 00:26:00,959 --> 00:26:02,828 WHEN WE WERE FIGURING O HOW BIG IT NEEDS TO BE, BASICALLY, 463 00:26:02,828 --> 00:26:05,731 THE ANSWER WAS SO THAT ONE SIDE IS BIG ENOUGH TO PUT THIS ON IT. 464 00:26:05,731 --> 00:26:06,565 BUT THAT'S FIVE OTHER CHANNELS. 465 00:26:06,565 --> 00:26:19,778 SO THAT'S THE LARGEST CHANNEL Aó 600 MEGAHERTZ AND THEN ANOTHER 466 00:26:19,778 --> 00:26:29,988 CHANNEL AT TWICE THAT FREQUENCY AND A PANEL ON THE THREE THROUGH 467 00:26:29,988 --> 00:26:30,456 FIVE CHANNELS. 468 00:26:30,456 --> 00:26:32,090 SO THEY FIT ON THE SAME PANEL AND A TINY LITTLE HORN FOR THE 469 00:26:32,090 --> 00:26:37,563 HIGH FREQUENCY PANEL. 470 00:26:37,563 --> 00:26:38,997 THE WAY THEY WORK ON THE TWO SIDES THEY LOOK OUT AWAY FROM 471 00:26:38,997 --> 00:26:42,868 THE SPACECRAFT AND THE SPACECRAFT SPINS THIS WAY LIKE A 472 00:26:42,868 --> 00:26:43,135 TOP. 473 00:26:43,135 --> 00:26:44,603 SO EACH CHANNEL GETS A TURN TO SWEEP ACROSS THE SKY AND SWEEP 474 00:26:44,603 --> 00:26:45,070 ACROSS JUPITER. 475 00:26:45,070 --> 00:26:49,608 FURTHERMORE, YOU PUT THE SPACECRAFT UP HERE IN OUR ORBIT, 476 00:26:49,608 --> 00:26:51,677 AND YOU THINK ABOUT WHAT HAPPENS, IF I PICK A SPOT ON 477 00:26:51,677 --> 00:26:57,549 JUPITER I'M GOING TO LOOK AT THAT SPOT FROM RIGHT ABOVE, BUT 478 00:26:57,549 --> 00:27:02,754 I'M ALSO GOING TO LOOK AT IT LATER IN THE TRAJECTORY FROM A 479 00:27:02,754 --> 00:27:08,260 DIFFERENT ANGLE, AND EARLIER I LOOKED AT IT FROM THE SHALLOWER 480 00:27:08,260 --> 00:27:08,594 ANGLE. 481 00:27:08,594 --> 00:27:13,565 I GET TO LOOK AT FROM A RANGE OF ANGLES AT SIX DIFFERENT 482 00:27:13,565 --> 00:27:14,233 CHANNELS. 483 00:27:14,233 --> 00:27:19,238 THAT'S HELPFUL BECAUSE NOT ONLY AM I DOING A C.A.T. SCAN, BY 484 00:27:19,238 --> 00:27:20,706 LOOKING AT THE DIFFERENT ANGLES BUT EACH OF THE SIX DIFFERENT 485 00:27:20,706 --> 00:27:22,708 CHANNELS PENETRATES A DIFFERENT DEPTH INTO THE ATMOSPHERE. 486 00:27:22,708 --> 00:27:24,142 ONE OF THE MAIN COMPONENTS THAT DETERMINES HOW DEEP IT 487 00:27:24,142 --> 00:27:26,311 PENETRATES IS WATER. 488 00:27:26,311 --> 00:27:32,417 SO BY MEASURING HOW DEEP THEY GO INTO THE ATMOSPHERE WE'RE 489 00:27:32,417 --> 00:27:36,522 EFFECTIVELY MEASURING HOW MUCH WATER THERE IS. 490 00:27:36,522 --> 00:27:38,423 NOW REMEMBER I MENTIONED EARLY THAT WE HAD A TEMPERATURE 491 00:27:38,423 --> 00:27:38,957 PROFILE ON JUPITER. 492 00:27:38,957 --> 00:27:42,761 WE KNOW SOMETHING ABOUT THE TEMPERATURE PROFILE. 493 00:27:42,761 --> 00:27:44,730 WELL, THE WAY THE TEMPERATURE VARIES DEPENDS ON HOW MUCH WATER 494 00:27:44,730 --> 00:27:49,134 IS IN THE ATMOSPHERE AND OTHER THINGS. 495 00:27:49,134 --> 00:27:53,272 SO BY MEASURING THE RADIO WAVES WHICH ARE COMING FROM THE GLOW, 496 00:27:53,272 --> 00:27:57,142 SO HOW HOT IT IS TELLS YOU HOW MUCH RADIO POWER YOU'LL GET OUT, 497 00:27:57,142 --> 00:28:00,846 BY MEASURING WHAT WE SEE IN EACH OF THE SIX DIFFERENT CHANNELS A 498 00:28:00,846 --> 00:28:04,483 WHOLE RANGE OF ANGLES, PUTTING THAT TOGETHER WITH THE MODEL OF 499 00:28:04,483 --> 00:28:07,152 THE ATMOSPHERE AND HOW THE TEMPERATURE SHOULD VARY 500 00:28:07,152 --> 00:28:10,222 DEPENDING ON HOW MUCH WATER THERE IS, WE CAN TEASE OUT HOW 501 00:28:10,222 --> 00:28:13,825 MUCH AMMONIA AND HOW MUCH WATER AND OTHER ELEMENTS THERE ARE IN 502 00:28:13,825 --> 00:28:16,795 THE ATMOSPHERE OF JUPITER TO PULL OUT THE PRIZE, WHICH IS THE 503 00:28:16,795 --> 00:28:21,466 GLOBAL WATER ABUNDANCE OF THE PLANET. 504 00:28:21,466 --> 00:28:23,268 NOW, WE GET DOWN WITH OUR LONGEST WAVE LENGTH, OUR LOWEST 505 00:28:23,268 --> 00:28:29,975 FREQUENCY CHANNEL PENETRATES DOWN TO SOME OF THE INFORMATION 506 00:28:29,975 --> 00:28:33,579 THAT'S IT'S GETTING COMING FROM A THOUSAND BARS. 507 00:28:33,579 --> 00:28:35,080 IT SOUNDS REALLY GREAT. 508 00:28:35,080 --> 00:28:40,452 BUT ON THE SCALE OF JUPITER, THAT'S PRETTY SMALL. 509 00:28:40,452 --> 00:28:43,655 NONETHELESS, WE THINK IT'S WAY BENEATH THE WEATHER LAYER. 510 00:28:43,655 --> 00:28:47,659 BENEATH ALL THE STORMS AND STUFF THAT WE SEE AND DOWN TO A LAYER 511 00:28:47,659 --> 00:28:49,161 WHERE THE WATER SHOULD BE WELL MIXED. 512 00:28:49,161 --> 00:28:50,395 SO WE'LL BE MEASURING THE GLOBAL WATER ABUNDANCE. 513 00:28:50,395 --> 00:28:55,934 OF COURSE, JUST IN CASE WE'RE WRONG ABOUT THAT, WE'LL FIND OUT 514 00:28:55,934 --> 00:28:59,037 BECAUSE UNLIKE DROPPING A PROBE INTO ONE SPOT WE'LL LOOK AT A 515 00:28:59,037 --> 00:29:00,606 WIDE RANGE OF JUPITER. 516 00:29:00,606 --> 00:29:07,112 WE'LL BE LOOKING AT LOTS OF DIFFERENTÑi PLACES SO WE'LL KNO 517 00:29:07,112 --> 00:29:08,547 IF WE'RE NOT GETTING THE SAME WATER NUMBER IN THE SAME PLACES 518 00:29:08,547 --> 00:29:10,115 THAT WE'RE NOT FEEDING DEEP ENOUGH OR WE NEED TO UNDERSTAND 519 00:29:10,115 --> 00:29:10,649 THE PICTURE BETTER. 520 00:29:10,649 --> 00:29:10,949 OKAY. 521 00:29:10,949 --> 00:29:15,287 REASON YOU CAN'T DO THAT FROM THE EARTHS TO -- IF YOU HAD 522 00:29:15,287 --> 00:29:20,392 RADIOIZED, THIS IS WHAT JUPITER WOULD LOOK LIKE FROM THE EARTH. 523 00:29:20,392 --> 00:29:23,629 THOSE RADIATION BELTS I MENTIONED BEFORE WITH THE HIGH 524 00:29:23,629 --> 00:29:27,165 ENERGY LECTRONS, TAKE LECTRONS AND YOU WHIZ THEM iR%UND IN THE 525 00:29:27,165 --> 00:29:28,600 MAGNETIC FIELD AND CLOSE TO THE SPEED OF LIGHT THEY GIVE OFF 526 00:29:28,600 --> 00:29:29,201 RADIO WAVES LIKE CRAZY. 527 00:29:29,201 --> 00:29:35,007 SO FROM THE EARTH, JUPITER GLOWS IN THE RADIO, BUT IT'S THE HIGH 528 00:29:35,007 --> 00:29:38,110 ENERGY LECTRONS YOU SEE ANDçó JUPITER BEHIND IT IS PRETTY DIM 529 00:29:38,110 --> 00:29:38,810 AND HARD TO SEE. 530 00:29:38,810 --> 00:29:50,255 SO YOU CAN'T REALLY DO THIS MEASUREMENT FROM THE EARTH. 531 00:29:50,255 --> 00:29:51,757 BUT FROM A SPACECRAFT, REMEMBER I'M PUTTING THE SPACECRAFT RIGHT 532 00:29:51,757 --> 00:29:53,992 THERE UNDERNEATH THE RADIATION BELT. 533 00:29:53,992 --> 00:29:55,994 PLANET AND THE BRIGHT LIGHT FROM THE RADIATION BELTS IS SHINING 534 00:29:55,994 --> 00:29:58,263 OVER OUR SHOULDER INSTEAD OF IN OUR EYES. 535 00:29:58,263 --> 00:30:00,599 WE STILL HAVE TO ACCOUNT FOR IT. 536 00:30:00,599 --> 00:30:01,600 WE SUBTRACT OUT ITS CONTRIBUTION. 537 00:30:01,600 --> 00:30:03,068 BECAUSE SOME OF IT'S GOING TO LEAK IN BUT THAT'S NOT AS BIG A 538 00:30:03,068 --> 00:30:09,975 PROBLEM SINCE THE SPACECRAFT IS SPINNING AND ALL OF THOSEÑi SIX 539 00:30:09,975 --> 00:30:13,879 CHANNELS THAT WE'RE LOOKING AT THE PLANET, EVERY 30 SECONDS ARE 540 00:30:13,879 --> 00:30:15,847 LOOKING OUT THE RADIATION BELT. 541 00:30:15,847 --> 00:30:19,584 SO WE KNOW -- WE MEASURE WHAT WE WANT TO SUBTRACT AND MEASURE THE 542 00:30:19,584 --> 00:30:21,953 PLANET AND SPIN AROUND AND WE MEASURE WHAT WE WANT TO SUBTRACT 543 00:30:21,953 --> 00:30:23,088 AND MEASURE THE PLANET. 544 00:30:23,088 --> 00:30:23,555 ALL RIGHT. 545 00:30:23,555 --> 00:30:26,158 SO THAT'S THE BIG PICTURE VIEW OF THE MICROWAVE RADIOMETER. 546 00:30:26,158 --> 00:30:27,759 SEE, WE'RE SPEEDING UP A LITTLE BIT. 547 00:30:27,759 --> 00:30:29,995 THEN THE GRAVITY MEASUREMENT. 548 00:30:29,995 --> 00:30:34,266 GRAVITY IS THE LARGEST INSTRUMENT THAT'S PART OF 549 00:30:34,266 --> 00:30:34,700 MISSION JUNO. 550 00:30:34,700 --> 00:30:43,408 AND THE REASON I SAY THAT IS THE GRAVITY INSTRUMENT ISN'T ON THE 551 00:30:45,677 --> 00:30:43,809 SPACECRAFT. 552 00:30:45,677 --> 00:30:48,647 IT'S THE LINK BETWEEN THE COMMUNICATIONS ANTENNAS ON THE 553 00:30:48,647 --> 00:30:50,082 SPACECRAFT AND THE GIANT RADIO TELESCOPES HERE ON THE EARTH 554 00:30:50,082 --> 00:30:54,419 THAT MAKE THE GRAVITY INSTRUMENT. 555 00:30:54,419 --> 00:30:55,821 IN EFFECT IT'S AN INSTRUMENT THAT STRETCHES FROM THE EARTH 556 00:30:55,821 --> 00:30:56,421 ALL THE WAY TO JUPITER. 557 00:30:56,421 --> 00:31:02,728 AND THE WAY THAT WORKS IS, IF YOU SEND A RADIO SIGNAL FROM 558 00:31:02,728 --> 00:31:05,564 HERE UP TO THE SPACECRAFT AND THE SPACECRAFT TURNS AROUND AND 559 00:31:05,564 --> 00:31:07,065 SENDS IT RIGHT BACK AT THE SAME FREQUENCY, THE FACT THAT THE 560 00:31:07,065 --> 00:31:11,903 SPACECRAFT IS MOVING IS GOING TO SHIFT THE FREQUENCY OF THAT 561 00:31:11,903 --> 00:31:12,337 RADIO SIGNAL. 562 00:31:12,337 --> 00:31:17,709 AND IT GIVES YOU A VERY PRECISE MEASUREMENT OF EXACTLY HOW FAST 563 00:31:17,709 --> 00:31:19,144 THE SPACECRAFT IS MOVING IN THE DIRECTION AWAY FROM YOU, OR 564 00:31:19,144 --> 00:31:21,913 TOWARDS YOU.Ñi THAT'S CALLED THE DOPPLER EFFECT 565 00:31:21,913 --> 00:31:27,185 AND YOU HEAR THE SAME THING EVERY TIME YOU HEAR POLICE CAR 566 00:31:27,185 --> 00:31:28,353 OR AN AMBULANCE WITH ITS SIREN ON DRIVE BY. 567 00:31:28,353 --> 00:31:38,864 WHEN THE SOUND SOUNDS DIFFERENT AS IT'S COMING DIFFERENT TOWARDS 568 00:31:38,864 --> 00:31:40,832 YOU AS AWAY FROM YOU AND THAT'S BECAUSE THE SOUND WAVES ARE 569 00:31:40,832 --> 00:31:46,238 GETTING SHIFTED AS IT COMES TOWARD YOU AND THEN SHIFTED THE 570 00:31:46,238 --> 00:31:46,705 OTHER WAY AWAY. 571 00:31:46,705 --> 00:31:49,808 WE USE THAT ON THE SPACECRAFT TO MEASURE JUNO'S SPEED AS IT FALLS 572 00:31:49,808 --> 00:31:50,575 PAST JUPITER. 573 00:31:50,575 --> 00:31:53,478 WE DO THAT WITH A COUPLE OF RADIO INSTRUMENTS ON THE 574 00:31:53,478 --> 00:31:55,380 SPACECRAFT THAT SEND A SIGNAL BACK. 575 00:31:55,380 --> 00:32:03,121 WE HAVE A MAIN COMMUNICATION ANTENNA AND THE EXBAND RECEIVER 576 00:32:03,121 --> 00:32:04,589 AT EIGHT GIGAHERTZ THAT WE USE TO COMMUNICATE, WE CAN MEASURE 577 00:32:04,589 --> 00:32:06,558 THE DOPPLER FROM THAT. 578 00:32:06,558 --> 00:32:08,193 MEASURE THE SPEED. 579 00:32:08,193 --> 00:32:12,631 WE HAVE A KA BAND TRANSRECEIVER THAT TAKES THAT SIGNAL AND 580 00:32:12,631 --> 00:32:13,532 BOUNCES IT BACK TO THE. 581 00:32:13,532 --> 00:32:17,769 THAT WAS BUILT IN ITALY AND CONTRIBUTED BY THE ITALY SPACE 582 00:32:17,769 --> 00:32:20,872 AGENCY, BECAUSE THE HIGHER FREQUENCY PENETRATES THROUGH THE 583 00:32:20,872 --> 00:32:26,044 SOLAR SYSTEM BETTER AND DOESN'T GET DISTORTED THE SAME WAY. 584 00:32:26,044 --> 00:32:26,344 OKAY. 585 00:32:26,344 --> 00:32:28,814 SO IMAGINE THE SPACECRAFT NOW FALLING PAST THE PLANET. 586 00:32:28,814 --> 00:32:35,253 IF THAT'S A CORE IN THERE AND THE THING IS SPINNING AROUND 587 00:32:35,253 --> 00:32:36,721 EVERY TEN HOURS, THE CORE WILL STRETCH DIFFERENTLY THAN THE 588 00:32:36,721 --> 00:32:41,326 REST OF THE PLANET. 589 00:32:41,326 --> 00:32:42,561 SO IT GOES BY AND SPEEDS UP AND SLOWS DOWN AGAIN. 590 00:32:42,561 --> 00:32:47,399 HOW MUCH IT SPEEDS UP AND SLOWS DOWN WILL BE DIFFERENT DEPENDING 591 00:32:47,399 --> 00:32:49,167 ON WHETHER THERE'S A BIG CORE IN THE MIDDLE OR NO CORE OR SMALLER 592 00:32:49,167 --> 00:32:49,467 CORE. 593 00:32:49,467 --> 00:32:54,372 WE COMBINE IT WITH THE WATER MEASUREMENT TO FIT TOGETHER. 594 00:32:54,372 --> 00:32:56,474 WE CAN ALSO USE IT TO LOOK AT ATMOSPHERIC DYNAMICS AND USE THE 595 00:32:56,474 --> 00:32:58,476 RADIO RECEIVERS TO DO THAT AS WELL. 596 00:32:58,476 --> 00:33:06,117 SO WE SEE THESE BELTS AND ZONES AND YOU CAN SEE HOW THEY MOVE 597 00:33:06,117 --> 00:33:07,619 RELATIVE TO EACH OTHER AND THE GIANT STORM, THAT GREAT RED SPOT 598 00:33:07,619 --> 00:33:12,123 IS BIGGER THAN THE WHOLE EARTH. 599 00:33:12,123 --> 00:33:15,126 AND THAT PICTURE IS ABOUT TWICE AS BIG AS THE EARTH, BUT IF YOU 600 00:33:15,126 --> 00:33:22,200 TOOK A PICTURE TODAY IT WOULD BE MORE LIKE 1 1/2. 601 00:33:22,200 --> 00:33:22,734 IT'S BEEN SHRINKING. 602 00:33:22,734 --> 00:33:24,903 BEEN AROUND FOR HUNDREDS OF YEARS AND WE'RE BEGINNING TO SEE 603 00:33:24,903 --> 00:33:27,539 IT SHRINK NOW. 604 00:33:27,539 --> 00:33:29,708 WE MIGHT BE ALIVE IN TIME TO SEE IT DISAPPEAR. 605 00:33:29,708 --> 00:33:33,178 THOSE BELTS AND ZONES ARE MOVING AT HIGH SPEED, SO AS THE PLANET 606 00:33:33,178 --> 00:33:38,149 ROTATES AROUND IF THEY HAVE A LOT OF MAPS IN THERE DEEP OR I 607 00:33:38,149 --> 00:33:41,786 THEY'RE SHALLOW, THEN THEY'LL HAVE A DIFFERENT GRAVITATIONAL 608 00:33:41,786 --> 00:33:45,490 SIGNATURE. 609 00:33:45,490 --> 00:33:46,958 AS THE SPACECRAFT FALLS PAST, IT WILL SPEED UP AND SLOW DOWN AS 610 00:33:46,958 --> 00:33:52,764 IT FALLS DOWN IN A DIFFERENT RATE, DIFFERENT WAY, DEPENDING 611 00:33:52,764 --> 00:33:53,331 ON HOW DEEP THEY GO. 612 00:33:53,331 --> 00:33:59,971 THIS IS AN ARTIST CONCEPTION, BUT IMAGINE STRUCTURES THAT GO 613 00:33:59,971 --> 00:34:01,006 DEEP VERSUS THOSE THAT DON'T GO DEEP. 614 00:34:01,006 --> 00:34:03,508 YOU'LL GET A DIFFERENT GRAVITY SIGNATURE AND IT'S COMING FROM 615 00:34:03,508 --> 00:34:09,481 DEEP INSIDE THE ATMOSPHERE AND HOW MUCH YOU SEE DEPENDING ON 616 00:34:09,481 --> 00:34:10,015 WHAT'S IN THE WAY. 617 00:34:10,015 --> 00:34:14,352 SO THE STRUCTURES WILL HAVE SOME SIGNATURE IT IS, HOW DEEP IT IS 618 00:34:14,352 --> 00:34:16,288 DEPENDING ON HOW DEEP THE STRUCTURE IS. 619 00:34:16,288 --> 00:34:19,491 SO WE LEARN NOW -- NOW WE'RE PUTTING THE PICTURE TOGETHER. 620 00:34:19,491 --> 00:34:26,932 WE'RE USING MICROWAVES TO GET THE WATER AND GET THE 621 00:34:26,932 --> 00:34:31,436 ATMOHERIC NAMICSE AND E THEN WHAVE AAP OF JUPITER'S 622 00:34:31,436 --> 00:34:32,103 GNETICIELD. 623 00:34:32,103 --> 00:34:38,643 THIS LIQUID METALLIC HYDRON EAN. 624 00:34:38,643 --> 00:34:42,781 YOU' GETTI TO TWMILLIO MES THPRESSU UP TOHERE 625 00:34:42,781 --> 00:34:46,051 YOU CAN MAKE LIQUID METALLIC HYDREN. 626 00:34:46,051 --> 00:34:49,788 SO BY MAPPING THE MAGNETIC FIELD SINCE IT'S GENERATED BY THE 627 00:34:49,788 --> 00:34:52,324 METALLIC HYDROGEN, WE ARE LEARNING ABOUT THE MOTION OF 628 00:34:52,324 --> 00:34:57,996 THAT AND SIZE OF THAT OCEAN OF LIQUID METALLIC HYDROGEN. 629 00:34:57,996 --> 00:35:01,032 IT'S A GOLDEN OPPORTUNITY TO ARN ABT HOW EY MAK 630 00:35:01,032 --> 00:35:06,004 MAGNET FIELD E PLACTO LEA ABOUT 631 00:35:06,004 --> 00:35:13,445 PLETARY NAMO WRE MAGTIC FIELDS IS HERE ON THE EARTH. 632 00:35:13,445 --> 00:35:18,316 ACCUCY, BUTHE MAETIC FLD ON THE EARTH IS GENERATED BY THE 633 00:35:18,316 --> 00:35:21,786 MOLTEN IRON DOWN IN THE MIDDLE AND IN BETWEEN AND THE CORE 634 00:35:21,786 --> 00:35:23,388 WHERE IT'S GENERATED, IN BETWEEN US AND THE DYNAMO IS MAGNETIC 635 00:35:23,388 --> 00:35:27,392 MATIAL. 636 00:35:27,392 --> 00:35:30,729 SO WHAT WE MEASURE ON THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH IS LIMITED 637 00:35:30,729 --> 00:35:33,298 NOT BY HOW WELL WE CAN MEASURE IT, BUT BY HOW WELL IT 638 00:35:33,298 --> 00:35:34,899 REESENTSHE MAGTIC FID THAT'SENERAT DOWN SIDE. 639 00:35:34,899 --> 00:35:39,804 ONUPITERHAT'S T A PRLEM. 640 00:35:39,804 --> 00:35:44,609 IT HYDRON IN BWEEN U AND THDYNAMO, AND SOME HELIUM. 641 00:35:44,609 --> 00:35:45,844 T MAGNIC. 642 00:35:45,844 --> 00:35:52,217 IF WE ASURE E MAGNIC FIE SURROUING THE PLANET WE'RE 643 00:35:52,217 --> 00:35:53,852 MEASURING DOWN TO THE DYNAMO REGION. 644 00:35:53,852 --> 00:35:55,220 I DON'T KNOW IF YOU WERE WATCHING THE MOVIE INSTEAD OF 645 00:35:55,220 --> 00:35:58,890 LISTENING TO ME, I HOPE, AND YOU SAW THE TRACKS GO BY, THAT'S 646 00:35:58,890 --> 00:36:06,264 BECAUSE AS WE ORBIT THE PLANET EVERY TWO WKS THEN THAT COUPLE 647 00:36:06,264 --> 00:36:08,066 HOURS FROM POLE TO POLE, JUPER ISPINNINAROUNDVERY T 648 00:36:08,066 --> 00:36:11,136 SO WADJUSTHE TIMG JUST TTLE AWE GO ST THELANET 649 00:36:11,136 --> 00:36:20,678 D EACH TIME WE COULDET A N LONGITE STRI. 650 00:36:20,678 --> 00:36:22,113 ROTATE IT AROUND TO WHERE W WA IT ANGET ANHER STKE 651 00:36:22,113 --> 00:36:22,480 PAST IT. 652 00:36:22,480 --> 00:36:23,882 SO THE TOUR WE HAVE SET UP, THAT'S GOING TO GO INTO EFFECT 653 00:36:23,882 --> 00:36:30,288 ON THE 4th OF JULY DOES FOUR STRIKES SO THAT YOU GET -- A 654 00:36:30,288 --> 00:36:31,790 STRIPE EVERY 90 DEGREES AND GET A VERY ROUGH GLOBAL PICTURE OF 655 00:36:31,790 --> 00:36:32,190 THE PLANET. 656 00:36:32,190 --> 00:36:38,630 THEN FILL IN SO NOW YOU HAVE EIGHT LONGITUDES AND YOU HAVE A 657 00:36:38,630 --> 00:36:39,631 BETTER GLOBAL VIEW OF THE PLANET. 658 00:36:39,631 --> 00:36:47,172 THEN FILL IN AGAIN TO GET 16. 659 00:36:47,172 --> 00:36:47,906 AND THEN EVENTUALLY YOU GET 32. 660 00:36:47,906 --> 00:36:50,809 BY THE TIME WE'RE DONE, WE'LL HAVE 32 LONGITUDES EVENLY SPACED 661 00:36:50,809 --> 00:36:52,877 AROUND THE PLANET MAKING A NET WHERE WE'VE MEASURED THE 662 00:36:52,877 --> 00:36:54,245 MAGNETIC FIELD TO LEARN ABOUT WHERE IT'S GENERATED DEEP 663 00:36:54,245 --> 00:36:57,415 INSIDE. 664 00:36:57,415 --> 00:36:57,882 ALL RIGHT. 665 00:36:57,882 --> 00:37:01,052 SO THAT TEACHES US ABOUT THE CORE AND ABOUT THE COMPOSITION. 666 00:37:01,052 --> 00:37:04,956 A LOT OF THINGS BECAUSE IT TEACHES US ABOUT THE SIZE OF THE 667 00:37:04,956 --> 00:37:05,990 DYNAMO REGION, HOW THE DYNAMO WORKS. 668 00:37:05,990 --> 00:37:11,730 AND WHAT THOSE MOTIONS IN THERE ARE. 669 00:37:11,730 --> 00:37:18,169 THEN FINALLY, THE MAGNETOSPHERE, WE'RE IN A PERFECT ORBIT FOR 670 00:37:18,169 --> 00:37:19,437 STUDYING THE MAGNETOSPHERE. 671 00:37:19,437 --> 00:37:20,905 WE'RE COMING IN OVER THE POLE AND JUPITER IF YOU LOOK AT THIS 672 00:37:20,905 --> 00:37:23,108 PICTURE, IN THE LOWER RIGHT,ws? JUPITER LOOKS LIKE THIS GIANT 673 00:37:23,108 --> 00:37:27,412 MAGNET. 674 00:37:27,412 --> 00:37:29,948 PICTURE OF THE EARTH'S MAGNETIC FIELD ONLY A LOT BIGGER. 675 00:37:29,948 --> 00:37:31,282 SO ALL OF THE MAGNETIC FIELD LINES COME OUT LIKE THIS. 676 00:37:31,282 --> 00:37:31,983 AND AROUND. 677 00:37:31,983 --> 00:37:40,792 AND OUR TRAJECTORY TAKES US ACROSS EVERY■ç SINGLE FIELD LIN 678 00:37:40,792 --> 00:37:42,026 AND BACK OUT AGAIN. 679 00:37:42,026 --> 00:37:44,763 SO WE COME ACROSS THE DIFFERENT LATITUDES THAT THERE ARE TO COME 680 00:37:44,763 --> 00:37:45,096 ACROSS. 681 00:37:45,096 --> 00:37:50,435 THAT MEANS YOU CAN BE UP HERE MEASURE THE PARTICLES THAT ARE 682 00:37:50,435 --> 00:37:54,973 HITTING THE SPACECRAFTHILE USING THE ULTRAVIOLET AND 683 00:37:54,973 --> 00:37:57,976 AURORA DOWN HERE AND SEE WHAT THEY'RE DOING TO THE PLANET. 684 00:37:57,976 --> 00:38:00,545 THIS IS AN ULTRAVIOLET ICTURE. 685 00:38:00,545 --> 00:38:02,480 GET SOME IDEA OF WHAT THE AURORA LOOK LIKE. 686 00:38:02,480 --> 00:38:07,819 YOU CAN SEE THAT'S A FOOTPRINT OF IO. 687 00:38:07,819 --> 00:38:13,725 SO PICTURE OF VOLCANOES, SPEWING STUFF OUT IN SPACE. 688 00:38:13,725 --> 00:38:17,362 THEY TRACK ALONG THE MAGNETIC FIELD LINES AND THEY MAKE THE 689 00:38:17,362 --> 00:38:18,463 GLOW ON THE PLANET. 690 00:38:18,463 --> 00:38:21,366 BY MEASURING THAT GLOW THAT'S ONE OF THE WAYS THAT WE FIGURED 691 00:38:21,366 --> 00:38:23,935 OUT SO FAR WHAT THE MAGNETIC FIELD LOOKS LIKE. 692 00:38:23,935 --> 00:38:26,704 ONE OF THE BETTER MEASUREMENTS FROM JUNO, OF COURSE. 693 00:38:26,704 --> 00:38:33,978 IF YOU'RE UP THERE ALONG THAT MAGNETIC FIELD LINE AND YOU SEE 694 00:38:33,978 --> 00:38:35,380 THE PARTICLES HITTING THE SPACECRAFT, YOU KNOW WHAT KIND 695 00:38:35,380 --> 00:38:38,716 OF ENERGIES AND SO FORTH THAT ARE GETTING DOWN TO PLANET AND 696 00:38:38,716 --> 00:38:40,185 YOU'RE SORT OF IN A PERFECT VANTAGE POINT TO UNDERSTAND HOW 697 00:38:40,185 --> 00:38:44,689 ARE THE AURORA ARE FORMED. 698 00:38:44,689 --> 00:38:47,058 IF YOU WANT TO STUDY SOMETHING OUT HERE IN THE MAGNETOSPHERE 699 00:38:47,058 --> 00:38:47,792 YOU'RE CROSSING THOSE LINES TOO. 700 00:38:47,792 --> 00:38:54,999 THIS IS A GREAT WAY, A GREAT LOCATION FOR THE FIELDS OF THE 701 00:38:54,999 --> 00:38:55,567 PARTICLE INSTRUMENTS. 702 00:38:55,567 --> 00:38:56,768 I'M ALMOST READY FOR YOU GUYS TO ASK QUESTIONS. 703 00:38:56,768 --> 00:39:04,976 LET ME GET DOWN TO THE NEXT ONE, WHICH IS REMEMBER I PROMISED TO 704 00:39:04,976 --> 00:39:06,110 TELL YOU MORE ABOUT THE VISIBLE CAMERA? 705 00:39:06,110 --> 00:39:06,711 SO IT'S CALLED JUNO CAM. 706 00:39:06,711 --> 00:39:12,984 AND IT WILL TAKE GREAT PICTURES OF THE POLES OF JUPITER. 707 00:39:12,984 --> 00:39:18,890 SORT OF DESIGNED THAT WAY TO BE ABLE TO GET PICTURES OF THAT 708 00:39:18,890 --> 00:39:21,025 POLAR REGION OF NORTH AND SOUTH WHERE WE DON'T HAVE ANY GOOD 709 00:39:21,025 --> 00:39:21,392 CTURES. 710 00:39:21,392 --> 00:39:24,495 BUT IT'S ALSO DESIGNED IN THE WAY WE'RE USING IT IS DESIGNED 711 00:39:24,495 --> 00:39:29,634 TO DO WHAT WE'RE CALLING SCIENCE IN FISH BOWL. 712 00:39:29,634 --> 00:39:33,371 AND BASIC IDEA IS WE WANT TO DO SCIENCE OUT IN THE OPEN WITH 713 00:39:33,371 --> 00:39:34,706 EVERYBODY WHO WANTS TO PARTICIPATE AND SEEING WHAT'S 714 00:39:34,706 --> 00:39:37,575 GOING ON AND BEING PART OF IT. 715 00:39:37,575 --> 00:39:44,015 SO IF YOU GO TO OUR MISSION JUNO WEBSITE RIGHT NOW, ONE OF THE 716 00:39:44,015 --> 00:39:45,450 THINGS THERE IS THIS PAGE FOR JUNO CAM THAT I'MHOWING YOU 717 00:39:45,450 --> 00:39:51,623 IT HAS AN OPPORTUNITY FOR PEOPLE TO UPLOAD PICTURES OF JUPITER, 718 00:39:51,623 --> 00:39:52,323 TAKEN FROM HERE ON THE EARTH. 719 00:39:52,323 --> 00:39:57,729 WHICH WILL BE USED TO MAKE THE MAP BECAUSE JUPITER CHANGES, YOU 720 00:39:57,729 --> 00:40:01,266 NEED TO GET CURRENT PICTURES OF JUPITER TO MAKE THE MAP THAT'S 721 00:40:01,266 --> 00:40:04,802 USED FOR PEOPLE TO LOOK AT THE MAP AND PICK OUT SPOTS AND SAY, 722 00:40:04,802 --> 00:40:09,474 TAKE A PICTURE OF THIS. 723 00:40:09,474 --> 00:40:10,708 THIS LOOKS INTERESTING, TAKE A PICTURE OF THAT. 724 00:40:10,708 --> 00:40:12,844 THEN THERE WILL BE A DISCUSSION SECTION WHERE PEOPLE CAN ARGUE 725 00:40:12,844 --> 00:40:13,344 ABOUT IT. 726 00:40:13,344 --> 00:40:17,348 TH-6o SCIENTISTS, YOU KNOW, IF E SCIENTISTS WANT US TO TAKE A 727 00:40:17,348 --> 00:40:18,750 PICTURE OF SOME PARTICULAR OBJECT, GO TO THE WEBSITE, PUT 728 00:40:18,750 --> 00:40:21,853 IT IN, YOU KNOW, COMPETE WITH MRS. FIELDS THIRD GRADE CLASS TO 729 00:40:21,853 --> 00:40:26,457 MAKE A GOOD CASE FOR IT. 730 00:40:26,457 --> 00:40:27,659 AND THEN THERE WILL BE A SYSTEM OF VOTING. 731 00:40:27,659 --> 00:40:34,032 WHERE THE PUBLIC CAN VOTE ON WHICH PICTURES SHOULD BE TAKEN. 732 00:40:34,032 --> 00:40:35,533 WE'LL TAKE THAT INTO ACCOUNT IN CHOOSING THE PICTURES SO WE HOPE 733 00:40:35,533 --> 00:40:40,505 TO HAVE A GOOD SCIENTIFIC DISCUSSION ABOUT IT, PROBABLY 734 00:40:40,505 --> 00:40:41,673 MIXED IN WITH COMMENTS LIKE THAT WAS PRETTY. 735 00:40:41,673 --> 00:40:44,676 WHICH IS OKAY. 736 00:40:44,676 --> 00:40:51,482 WE HAVE A LIMITED NUMBER OF PICTURES WE CAN TAKE AND SO WE 737 00:40:51,482 --> 00:40:53,351 WANT TO CHOOSE THE BEST ONES. 738 00:40:53,351 --> 00:40:58,656 THIS IS HOW SCIENTISTS WOULD NORMALLY DO IT, HAVE THE DEBATE 739 00:40:58,656 --> 00:41:03,127 OVER WHAT'S THE BEST IMAGE, WHAT'S THE BEST WAY TO SPIN 740 00:41:03,127 --> 00:41:03,528 THOSE BITS. 741 00:41:03,528 --> 00:41:07,532 THOSE COMMUNICATION CAPABILITIES AND THE ONLY THING IS ANYBODY 742 00:41:07,532 --> 00:41:09,467 WHO WANTS TO PARTICIPATE CAN PARTICIPATE IN THE DISCUSSION. 743 00:41:09,467 --> 00:41:14,205 WHEN WE FINALLY TAKE THE PICTURES WE'LL TAKE THE RAW DATA 744 00:41:14,205 --> 00:41:18,109 AND PUT IT OUT ON THE WEB. 745 00:41:18,109 --> 00:41:19,510 THERE MIGHT BE PROFESSIONALS TRYING TO PROCESS THAT TOO. 746 00:41:19,510 --> 00:41:24,015 BUT ANYBODY WHO WANTS TO TAKE THE RAW DATA CAN TURN IT INTO 747 00:41:24,015 --> 00:41:27,085 PICTURES TO SHOW US WHAT YOU'VE GOT. 748 00:41:27,085 --> 00:41:32,690 WE GOT THAT WHEN WE FLEW PAST EARTH. 749 00:41:32,690 --> 00:41:34,058 WE FLEW PAST THE EARTH AND JUNO CAM TOOK SOME PICTURES. 750 00:41:34,058 --> 00:41:37,662 WE WEREN'T READY FOR THE PLANNING AND DISCUSSION AND 751 00:41:37,662 --> 00:41:38,496 VOTING DISCUSSION YET. 752 00:41:38,496 --> 00:41:44,569 SO WE PUT IT OUT ON THE WEB AND IN LESS THAN 24 HOURS WE HAD 753 00:41:44,569 --> 00:41:48,906 AMAZING PICTURES THAT PEOPLE TOOK THE RAW DATA AND TURNED IT 754 00:41:48,906 --> 00:41:52,110 INTO A PICTURE. 755 00:41:52,110 --> 00:41:53,611 NOT LIKE TAKING THE PICTURE OUT OF YOUR CELL PHONE AND PUTTING 756 00:41:53,611 --> 00:41:58,249 IT UP AND YOU HAVE A GOOD PICTURE. 757 00:41:58,249 --> 00:41:59,784 THE WAY THE CAMERA WORKS ITS HAS TO TAKE THREE DIFFERENT IMAGES 758 00:41:59,784 --> 00:42:04,856 TO GET THREE DIFFERENT COLORS, WE HAVE A FILTER ON THERE AS 759 00:42:04,856 --> 00:42:05,156 WELL. 760 00:42:05,156 --> 00:42:06,224 METHANE FILTER. 761 00:42:06,224 --> 00:42:08,526 SO FOUR IMAGES IN DIFFERENT COLORS. 762 00:42:08,526 --> 00:42:09,927 IT IS NOT TAKE THE WHOLE IMAGE ALL AT ONCE, SO YOU TAKE A 763 00:42:09,927 --> 00:42:15,199 LITTLE BAR AND YOU TAKE INTO ACCOUNT THE FACT THAT THE 764 00:42:15,199 --> 00:42:16,267 SPACECRAFT IS ROTATING AND PULL IT OUT. 765 00:42:16,267 --> 00:42:22,340 THEN YOU HAVE TO TURN THAT INTO A PICTURE. 766 00:42:22,340 --> 00:42:28,846 AND YOU'RE GOING OVER JUPITER OR IN THE CASE OF THE EARTH -- FLY 767 00:42:28,846 --> 00:42:35,086 BY THE EARTH WHICH IS A SPHERE MORE OR LESS AND EVERYTHING IS 768 00:42:35,086 --> 00:42:36,554 DISTORTED AND YOU HAVE TO PUT THE DIFFERENT COLORS TOGETHER. 769 00:42:36,554 --> 00:42:38,256 TO ME IT'S ABSOLUTELY FLABBERGASTING THERE ARE PEOPLE 770 00:42:38,256 --> 00:42:40,491 OUT THERE WHO DID ALL THAT FOR FUN. 771 00:42:40,491 --> 00:42:43,261 IT'S NOT THEIR JOB, BUT THEY BECAME EXPERTS ON IT BECAE 772 00:42:43,261 --> 00:42:43,928 IT'S FUN TO LEARN ABOUT IT. 773 00:42:43,928 --> 00:42:45,430 AND THEY LIKE TO BE PART OF IT AND THEY WERE REALLY EXCITED TO 774 00:42:45,430 --> 00:42:46,030 BE PART OF THE PROJECT. 775 00:42:46,030 --> 00:42:52,403 SO WE HAVE -- WE EXPECT TO HAVE MORE PEOPLE WHEN THERE ARE 776 00:42:52,403 --> 00:42:54,572 PICTURES OF JUPITER DOING THAT. 777 00:42:54,572 --> 00:42:56,274 AND WHO KNOWS, MAYBE SOME OF YOU GUYS IN THE AUDIENCE WILL DECIDE 778 00:42:56,274 --> 00:42:57,408 TO GO TAKE A LOOK TO SEE WHAT YOU CAN DO. 779 00:42:57,408 --> 00:43:00,144 OKAY. 780 00:43:00,144 --> 00:43:07,018 SO I'M ALMOST DONE, READY FOR QUESTIONS. 781 00:43:07,018 --> 00:43:12,523 THE LAST THING IS EYES ON THE SOLAR SYSTEM. 782 00:43:12,523 --> 00:43:14,959 I HOPE A LOT OF YOU HAVE HEARD OF THAT ALREADY. 783 00:43:14,959 --> 00:43:18,529 IT'S NASA'S 3-D INTERACTIVE WAY OF FINDING OUT ABOUT WHAT WE 784 00:43:18,529 --> 00:43:20,465 HAVE OUT THERE IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM. 785 00:43:20,465 --> 00:43:21,098 THE WEBSITE IS UP THERE. 786 00:43:21,098 --> 00:43:23,568 THERE'S LOTS OF COOL STUFF ABOUT JUNO THERE. 787 00:43:23,568 --> 00:43:24,202 AND WE HAVE TWO WEBSITES. 788 00:43:24,202 --> 00:43:33,678 WE HAVE THE MISSION WEBSITE WHICH IS VIDEOS AND MOVIES AND 789 00:43:33,678 --> 00:43:39,650 THE JUNO CAM SITE AND INTERVIEWS WITH PEOPLE ON THE PROJECT AND 790 00:43:39,650 --> 00:43:41,085 ALL THE COOL PROJECTS STUFF THAT WE COULD THINK OF THAT WE 791 00:43:41,085 --> 00:43:42,153 THOUGHT WOULD BE FUN AND MORE TO COME. 792 00:43:42,153 --> 00:43:43,621 WE HAVE THE MAIN MAP OF THE WEBSITE WHICH HAS THE SECTION 793 00:43:43,621 --> 00:43:47,425 FOR JUNO AND OF COURSE LINKS TO EACH OTHER. 794 00:43:47,425 --> 00:43:47,825 ALL RIGHT. 795 00:43:47,825 --> 00:43:55,766 NOW FINALLY WE'RE READY FOR QUESTIONS. 796 00:43:55,766 --> 00:43:57,168 I HOPE YOU HAVE LOTS OF QUESTIONS, BECAUSE THAT'S THE 797 00:43:57,168 --> 00:43:57,902 FAVORITE PART OF ANY TALK. 798 00:43:57,902 --> 00:43:58,636 THERE'S A MICROPHONE OVER THERE. 799 00:43:58,636 --> 00:43:59,203 IF ANYBODY IS READY. 800 00:43:59,203 --> 00:44:08,045 [ APPLAUSE ] >> I DON'T KNOW IF THERE'S A 801 00:44:14,619 --> 00:44:16,420 MODERATOR OR SOMEBODY IF I GET TO CHOOSE WHOEVER IS FIRST IN 802 00:44:16,420 --> 00:44:16,854 LINE, I GUESS. 803 00:44:16,854 --> 00:44:18,189 GO AHEAD. >> OKAY. 804 00:44:18,189 --> 00:44:23,394 SO A TWO-PART QUESTION HERE. 805 00:44:23,394 --> 00:44:28,966 SO WHAT DO YOU MEAN BY RECOVERING AFTER JUNO PASSES BY 806 00:44:28,966 --> 00:44:30,368 THE RADIATION BELT? 807 00:44:30,368 --> 00:44:35,673 AND DO YOU PREDICT THAT IT WILL DECREASE IF THE HIGH ENERGY 808 00:44:35,673 --> 00:44:38,109 LECTRONS DISPERSE? 809 00:44:38,109 --> 00:44:40,211 >> LET'S DO THE FIRST PART OF THAT. 810 00:44:40,211 --> 00:44:46,417 WHAT I MEAN BY RECOVERING AFTER WE GET BY THE RADIATION BELT, 811 00:44:46,417 --> 00:44:47,785 NOT SO MUCH THE RADIATION ALTHOUGH IT'S POSSIBLE WE'LL 812 00:44:47,785 --> 00:44:50,555 HAVE SOME PROBLEMS AND WE'LL NEED TO FIGURE THEM OUT. 813 00:44:50,555 --> 00:44:55,693 BUT WE THINK WE HAVE DESIGNED IT ALL TO GO THROUGH THE GAP OF THE 814 00:44:55,693 --> 00:44:59,430 RADIATION BELT AND THE PLANET WITHOUT HAVING ANY MAJOR 815 00:44:59,430 --> 00:44:59,797 PROBLEM. 816 00:44:59,797 --> 00:45:02,900 HOWEVER, WE'RE GOING TO COLLECT A WHOLE BUNCH OF DATA RIGHT 817 00:45:02,900 --> 00:45:03,701 CLOSE TO JUPITER. 818 00:45:03,701 --> 00:45:11,609 WE THINK OF IT AS A FLY-BY AS 32 FLY-BYES RATHER THAN ORBITS. 819 00:45:11,609 --> 00:45:14,712 SO WE COLLECT ALL THE DATA, THEN WE HAVE TO SEND IT BACK TO THE 820 00:45:14,712 --> 00:45:19,917 EARTH, SO WE EXPEND A BUNCH OF POWER AND WE'RE SOLAR POWERED TO 821 00:45:19,917 --> 00:45:20,251 JUPITER. 822 00:45:20,251 --> 00:45:25,856 SO IF YOU RUN THE WHOLE SPACECRAFT ON ABOUT A THIRD OR A 823 00:45:25,856 --> 00:45:29,093 FOURTH OF WHAT IT TAKES TO RUN A HAIR DRYER. 824 00:45:29,093 --> 00:45:29,393 OKAY? 825 00:45:29,393 --> 00:45:34,799 SO WE'LL USE ALL THAT POWER WE'LL DRAIN THE BATTERY SOME. 826 00:45:34,799 --> 00:45:36,567 WE'LL TRANSMIT TO THE GROUND AND THAT DRAINS THE POWER, SO WE 827 00:45:36,567 --> 00:45:37,068 NEED TO RECOVER. 828 00:45:37,068 --> 00:45:46,310 SO WE NEED TO FILL UP THE BATTERY -- YOU KNOW, CHARGE THE 829 00:45:46,310 --> 00:45:47,478 BATTERY AGAIN SO WE NEED SOME TIME FOR THAT. 830 00:45:47,478 --> 00:45:48,679 WE NEED TO TRANSMIT ALL THE DAY TO THE GROUND. 831 00:45:48,679 --> 00:45:49,347 WE NEED SOME TIME FOR THAT. 832 00:45:49,347 --> 00:45:53,784 THEN THE PEOPLE ON THE GROUND NEED SOME TIME TO PROCESS WHAT 833 00:45:53,784 --> 00:45:56,020 THE HECK JUST HAPPENED AND WHAT DID WE LEARN SO THAT WHEN WE GO 834 00:45:56,020 --> 00:45:57,355 AROUND AGAIN WE'RE MEASURING WHAT WE WANT TO MEASURE. 835 00:45:57,355 --> 00:46:03,828 NOW HAVE -- NOW, I'M CHEATING A LITTLE BIT BECAUSE PROBABLY WE 836 00:46:03,828 --> 00:46:12,103 WON'T MAKE VERY MANY CHANGES IN THE 14 DAYS WE'LL HAVE FROM ONE 837 00:46:12,103 --> 00:46:13,037 JOVIAN PASS TO THE NEXT. 838 00:46:13,037 --> 00:46:13,771 IT'S VERY FAST. 839 00:46:13,771 --> 00:46:17,174 BY THE TIME YOU FIGURE OUT WHAT YOU HAVE SEEN, HEY, I WANT TO 840 00:46:17,174 --> 00:46:19,377 MEASURE SOMETHING ELSE IT'S TOO LATE TO SEND IT UP AND MEASURE 841 00:46:19,377 --> 00:46:20,611 IT FOR THE VERY NEXT PASS, BUT WE HAVE A PROCESS. 842 00:46:20,611 --> 00:46:23,281 TWO OR THREE OR FOUR PASSING LATER, WE COULD BE MAKING 843 00:46:23,281 --> 00:46:27,118 CHANGES BASED ON THAT. 844 00:46:27,118 --> 00:46:29,320 OR IF SOMETHING IS REALLY IMPORTANT, MAYBE WE CAN DO IT 845 00:46:29,320 --> 00:46:30,254 RIGHT AWAY. 846 00:46:30,254 --> 00:46:31,656 ALL OF THAT, THAT TWO WEEKS IS WHAT I MEANT BY RECOVER. 847 00:46:31,656 --> 00:46:43,901 NOW, IN TERMS OF THE RADIATION BELTS AND THE ELECTRONS 848 00:46:43,901 --> 00:46:47,304 DISPERSING, THE HIGH ENERGY ONES ARE THE MOST DANGEROUS. 849 00:46:47,304 --> 00:46:50,541 IF THEY WERE TO DISPERSE THEY'RE MOST DANGEROUS. 850 00:46:50,541 --> 00:46:56,681 BUT WE HAVE A GOOD IDEA OF WHERE THEY ARE. 851 00:46:56,681 --> 00:46:58,149 NOT A PERFECT PICTURE BUT REMEMBER I SHOWED YOU THE RADIO 852 00:46:58,149 --> 00:47:00,685 RECEIVER, WHAT JUPITER LOOKED LIKE AND WE COULD SEE THE 853 00:47:00,685 --> 00:47:02,153 RADIATION BELT IN THE RADIO. 854 00:47:02,153 --> 00:47:06,223 IT'S COMPLICATED TO GO FROM WHAT I SEE IN THE RADIO TO WHAT THAT 855 00:47:06,223 --> 00:47:13,064 MEANS FOR HIGH ENERGY ELECTRONS BUT WE HAVE A GOOD ENOUGH 856 00:47:13,064 --> 00:47:15,099 PICTURE THAT WE HAVE A GOOD IDEA OF WHERE THEY ARE AND OF COURSE 857 00:47:15,099 --> 00:47:17,068 WE'LL GET GREAT MEASUREMENTS WHEN WE'RE THERE. 858 00:47:17,068 --> 00:47:17,668 THANKS FOR THE QUESTION. 859 00:47:17,668 --> 00:47:18,969 OH, THAT REMINDS ME, ACTUALLY, SPEAKING OF THE RADIO. 860 00:47:18,969 --> 00:47:24,141 THERE'S ANOTHER PROJECT LOOSELY ASSOCIATED WITH US CALLED 861 00:47:24,141 --> 00:47:30,981 GABBERT, IN WHICH SCHOOL KIDS ARESING THE RADIO TELESCOPE TO 862 00:47:30,981 --> 00:47:34,118 COLLECT RADIO DATA ON JUPITER AND SOME OF THAT DATA GOES INTO 863 00:47:34,118 --> 00:47:39,490 THE MODEL TO FIGURE OUT WHERE THE RADIATION BELTS ARE. 864 00:47:39,490 --> 00:47:40,858 SO WE HAVE SCHOOL KIDS ALL OVER THE COUNTRY RUNNING THE 865 00:47:40,858 --> 00:47:45,563 TELESCOPE OVER THE INTERNET, HELPING US WITH THE RADIATION 866 00:47:45,563 --> 00:47:46,697 BELT MODEL. >> THANK YOU. 867 00:47:46,697 --> 00:47:52,770 >> YEAH, YOU MENTIONED THAT WHAT WE SEE OF JUPITER ISN'T JUPITER, 868 00:47:52,770 --> 00:47:54,205 IT'S REALLY JUST THE AURORA BOREALIS AND THE RADIATION THAT 869 00:47:54,205 --> 00:47:58,209 GOES AROUND THERE. 870 00:47:58,209 --> 00:48:01,245 DID I MISUNDERSTAND AND IF I DID MISUNDERSTAND, HOW LONG HAVE WE 871 00:48:01,245 --> 00:48:01,645 KNOWN THAT? 872 00:48:01,645 --> 00:48:07,151 AND IF WE KNOW THAT, WHEN DID WE DISCOVER THAT AND THEN HOW DO WE 873 00:48:07,151 --> 00:48:11,989 PROJECT WHAT THE JUPITER ACTUALLY LOOKS LIKE INSIDE THE 874 00:48:11,989 --> 00:48:15,326 PART THAT WE CAN'T SEE? 875 00:48:15,326 --> 00:48:20,798 >> OKAY. >> UP TO THIS POINT. 876 00:48:20,798 --> 00:48:21,332 >> SO YOU'RE CLOSE. 877 00:48:21,332 --> 00:48:23,534 BUT WHAT I'M SAYING IS WHAT WE SEE OF JUPITER IS THE TOPS OF 878 00:48:23,534 --> 00:48:24,668 THE CLOUDS OF THE ATMOSPHERE. 879 00:48:24,668 --> 00:48:28,172 SO WHEN YOU LOCK AT THIS PICTURE -- LOOK AT THIS PICTURE 880 00:48:28,172 --> 00:48:29,640 HERE, I'LL USE THE POINTER TO POINT AT THINGS, THAT'S A STORM, 881 00:48:29,640 --> 00:48:32,610 IT'S HUGE. 882 00:48:32,610 --> 00:48:34,078 PROBABLY HUNDREDS OF MILES DEEP BUT THAT'S NOTHING COMPARED TO 883 00:48:34,078 --> 00:48:41,018 THE SIZE OF JUPITER AND ITS CLOUDS MOVING AROUND IN THE 884 00:48:41,018 --> 00:48:41,786 UPPER ATMOSPHERE. 885 00:48:41,786 --> 00:48:43,454 WHEN WE SEE THE AURORA WHICH ARE IN A DIFFERENT PICTURE I HAVE ON 886 00:48:43,454 --> 00:48:49,126 HERE, THAT ONE, SO THAT'S AN ULTRAVIOLET IMAGE. 887 00:48:49,126 --> 00:49:00,504 NOT AS EASY TO SEE THEM IN REGULAR VISIBLE LIGHT ALTHOUGH 888 00:49:00,504 --> 00:49:00,871 YOU CAN. 889 00:49:00,871 --> 00:49:02,373 YOU'RE SEEING EVEN HIGHER IN THE ATMOSPHERE OF JUPITER GLOWING IN 890 00:49:02,373 --> 00:49:02,840 THE ULTRAVIOLET. 891 00:49:02,840 --> 00:49:06,076 WE CAN SEE BELOW THAT, WE CAN SEE IN THE UPPER ATMOSPHERE. 892 00:49:06,076 --> 00:49:08,145 WE CAN'T SEE THROUGH THE CLOUDS TO SEE WHAT ELSE IS THERE. 893 00:49:08,145 --> 00:49:11,148 WE HAVE NOPE THAT FOR A LONG TIME THERE. 894 00:49:11,148 --> 00:49:11,916 I DON'T KNOW HOW LONG. 895 00:49:11,916 --> 00:49:14,318 BUT IT'S DECADES, MAYBE EVEN A HURED YEARS. 896 00:49:14,318 --> 00:49:14,985 >> YEAH. 897 00:49:14,985 --> 00:49:17,988 OKAY, SO IF YOU LOOK THROUGH A TELESCOPE, THAT'S WHAT YOU'RE 898 00:49:17,988 --> 00:49:20,891 ACTUALLY SEEING, YOU'RE NOT SEEING THE PLANET? 899 00:49:20,891 --> 00:49:22,026 YOU'RE -- >> YOU'RE SEEING THE ATMOSPHERE. 900 00:49:22,026 --> 00:49:22,726 THE ATMOSPHERE IS THE PLANET. 901 00:49:22,726 --> 00:49:28,466 REMEMBER, IT'S ENTIRELY POSSIBLE THAT JUPITER DOESN'T HAVE A CORE 902 00:49:28,466 --> 00:49:29,700 DOWN IN THE MIDDLE. 903 00:49:29,700 --> 00:49:30,234 WE THINK IT SHOULD. 904 00:49:30,234 --> 00:49:31,368 BUT MAYBE THE ENTIRE PLANET IS ATMOSPHERE. 905 00:49:31,368 --> 00:49:34,572 THAT'S A POSSIBILITY. 906 00:49:34,572 --> 00:49:36,140 >> OKAY. >> YES, YOU'RE SEEING THE 907 00:49:36,140 --> 00:49:37,641 ATMOSPHERE, BUT I WOULDN'T SAY YOU'RE SEEING THE ATMOSPHERE NOT 908 00:49:37,641 --> 00:49:38,042 THE PLANET. 909 00:49:38,042 --> 00:49:42,046 I WOULD SAY THE ATMOSPHERE IS THE PLANET OR AT LEAST A BIG 910 00:49:42,046 --> 00:49:44,748 PART OF IT. >> OKAY, THANKS. 911 00:49:44,748 --> 00:49:45,249 >> GOOD EVENING. 912 00:49:45,249 --> 00:49:49,920 GREAT TALK. 913 00:49:49,920 --> 00:49:56,594 YOU MENTIONED THAT THE -- THERE'S GIANT SOLAR PANELS THAT 914 00:49:56,594 --> 00:49:58,829 WILL GENERATE 500 KILOWATTS WHICH IS AMAZING -- 915 00:49:58,829 --> 00:50:02,199 >> WATTS. >> 500 WATTS, YEAH, THAT WOULD 916 00:50:02,199 --> 00:50:02,566 BE GREAT. 917 00:50:02,566 --> 00:50:04,068 DO YOU THINK IT'S POSSIBLE THAT THE VERY BRIGHTNESS OF JUPITER 918 00:50:04,068 --> 00:50:13,444 ITSELF MIGHT BE ABLE TO WORK WITH THOSE PANELS TO GENERATE 919 00:50:13,444 --> 00:50:14,745 SOME ELECTRICITY? 920 00:50:14,745 --> 00:50:18,816 >> IT WOULD BE A PRETTY TINY AMOUNT OF ELECTRICITY FROM 921 00:50:18,816 --> 00:50:24,188 JUPITER AND IN GENERAL THE PANELS AREN'T POINTING AT 922 00:50:24,188 --> 00:50:24,522 JUPITER. 923 00:50:24,522 --> 00:50:26,023 WE KEEP THEM POINTED AT THE SUN AND THE ORBIT WE'RE IN IS KIND 924 00:50:26,023 --> 00:50:26,457 OF CROSSWISE. 925 00:50:26,457 --> 00:50:31,161 SO THINK OF A SPINNING PROPELLER GOING AROUND THE PLANET. 926 00:50:31,161 --> 00:50:33,097 ALWAYS POINTED AT THE SUN AND TRAVELING DOWN PRETTY CLOSE TO 927 00:50:33,097 --> 00:50:42,306 THAT DAWN/DUSK LINE WHERE THE FRONT PART OF JUPITER AS SEEN 928 00:50:42,306 --> 00:50:44,475 FROM THE EARTH IS LIT UP AND THE PLANET IS GOING SIDEWAYS AROUND 929 00:50:44,475 --> 00:50:44,742 IT. 930 00:50:44,742 --> 00:50:49,747 SO THE SOLAR PANELS ARE EDGE ON TO THE PLANET. 931 00:50:49,747 --> 00:50:52,750 BUT IN FACT THE AMOUNT OF LIGHT YOU GET FROM JUPITER IS PRETTY 932 00:50:52,750 --> 00:50:58,622 I HAVE CARDS HERE FROM PEOPLE CONTACTING US OVER THE INTERNET. 933 00:50:58,622 --> 00:51:04,094 SO IF SOMEBODY -- ONE ASKS, IF IT ONLY TAKES A COUPLE HOURS 934 00:51:04,094 --> 00:51:07,765 FROM POLE TO POLE, HOW FAST IS JUNO GOING? 935 00:51:07,765 --> 00:51:14,271 SO THE SHORT ANSWER IS I DON'T KNOW. 936 00:51:14,271 --> 00:51:15,673 THE LONGER ANSWER IS IT'S ABOUT 30 KILOMETERS A SECOND. 937 00:51:15,673 --> 00:51:21,879 ANDéy AN EVEN LONGER ANSWE HAVE TO SAY HOW FAST IS IT GOING 938 00:51:21,879 --> 00:51:23,714 COMPARED TO WHAT?R YOU LONGER A SO IF I WANT TO COMPARE THE 939 00:51:23,714 --> 00:51:31,288 SPEED OF■ç JUNO TO JUPITER, I THINK THAT'S A NUMBER THAT'S IN 940 00:51:31,288 --> 00:51:33,190 THE NEIGHBORHOOD OF 30 KILOMETERS A SECOND. 941 00:51:33,190 --> 00:51:34,692 BUT OF COURSE JUPITER'S MOVING AND THE EARTH IS MOVING AND THE 942 00:51:34,692 --> 00:51:35,125 SUN IS MOVING. 943 00:51:35,125 --> 00:51:37,227 AND THE GALAXY IS MOVING. 944 00:51:37,227 --> 00:51:43,734 SO TAKE YOUR PICK. 945 00:51:43,734 --> 00:51:45,235 I -- FOR A WHILE THERE WE WERE LOOKING AT TRYING TO COMPARE THE 946 00:51:45,235 --> 00:51:51,609 SPEED OF JUNO WITH THE LAUNCH PAD ON THE EARTH FROM WHICH IT 947 00:51:51,609 --> 00:51:51,976 LAUNCHED. 948 00:51:51,976 --> 00:51:56,447 SO THE EARTH SPINNING AND MOVING AND JUNO IS MOVING AND JUPITER 949 00:51:56,447 --> 00:52:04,288 IS MOVING AND ALL THAT, AND WE PICKED THAT BECAUSE ACTUALLY OUR 950 00:52:04,288 --> 00:52:10,094 P.I. REALIZED THAT IF YOU PICKED THAT REALIZED THAT YOU HAVE A 951 00:52:10,094 --> 00:52:12,096 DECENT CASE OF JUNO IS THE FASTEST THING EVER BUILT BY 952 00:52:12,096 --> 00:52:12,429 PEOPLE. 953 00:52:12,429 --> 00:52:18,068 YOU KNOW, CHOOSE YOUR REFERENCE POINT. 954 00:52:18,068 --> 00:52:20,571 >> THANK YOU FOR A TERRIFIC TALK. 955 00:52:20,571 --> 00:52:23,374 A QUESTION ABOUT THE AMOUNT OF DATA THAT YOU CAN TRANSMIT SOME. 956 00:52:23,374 --> 00:52:30,214 DO YOU HAVE TO DO A LOT OF ON BOARD PROCESSING OF THE 957 00:52:30,214 --> 00:52:30,647 INSTRUMENTS? 958 00:52:30,647 --> 00:52:31,081 >> OKAY. 959 00:52:31,081 --> 00:52:36,520 SO FOR THE FIRST QUESTION, I GET TO SAY I DON'T KNOW AGAIN. 960 00:52:36,520 --> 00:52:37,788 BUT ACTUALLY, IT'S A FEW GIGABITS, NOT BYTES, BUT 961 00:52:37,788 --> 00:52:38,155 GIGABITS. 962 00:52:38,155 --> 00:52:46,897 SO THENTIRE OUTPUT OF THE JUNO SPACECRAFT FROM BEGINNING TO END 963 00:52:46,897 --> 00:52:48,265 PROBABLY FITS ON MY LAPTOP OR PRETTY CLOSE TO IT ANYWAY. 964 00:52:48,265 --> 00:52:52,603 AND IT'S STILL A HUGE AMOUNT OF DATA, BUT REMEMBER WE'RE SENDING 965 00:52:52,603 --> 00:52:53,270 IT ALL THE WAY FROM JUPITER. 966 00:52:53,270 --> 00:52:56,974 SO IT -- YOU CAN'T SEND IT REALLY FAST. 967 00:52:56,974 --> 00:53:07,484 IT'S NOT LIKE, YOU KNOW, WI-FI HERE IN THE ROOM. 968 00:53:07,484 --> 00:53:08,919 AND ALSO, THE COMPUTER THAT FLIES NOT ONLY DO WE LAUNCH I 969 00:53:08,919 --> 00:53:11,622 WANT IN 2011 BUT WE HAD TO BUILD IT A FEW YEARS BEFORE AND WE HAD 970 00:53:11,622 --> 00:53:12,956 TO BE SURE IT WAS GOING TO WORK IN SPACE AND RADIATION 971 00:53:12,956 --> 00:53:16,460 ENVIRONMENT SO IT'S ALSO THE COMPUTER IS QUITE A BIT OLDER. 972 00:53:16,460 --> 00:53:20,030 HAVING SAID ALL OF THAT, YOU KNOW, THE MOST IMPORTANT THING 973 00:53:20,030 --> 00:53:28,572 WE WANT TO MEASURE IS PROBABLY THE GLOBAL WATER ABUNDANCE ON 974 00:53:28,572 --> 00:53:29,540 JUPITER THAT'S ONE NUMBER. 975 00:53:29,540 --> 00:53:30,374 A FEW BYTES. >> THANKS. 976 00:53:30,374 --> 00:53:37,081 >> WITH ALL OF THE MAGNETIC FIELDS AND RADIATION AROUND IT 977 00:53:37,081 --> 00:53:42,319 IT SEEMS LIKE A DANGEROUS PLACE FOR A PROBE. 978 00:53:42,319 --> 00:53:46,356 IF SOMEONE WAS ON A GOOD SPACESHIP, HOW CLOSE COULD THEY 979 00:53:46,356 --> 00:53:47,324 GET TO JUPITER? 980 00:53:47,324 --> 00:53:50,294 >> WELL, A HUMAN BEING WAS TRYING TO SURVIVE IN JUPITER, IS 981 00:53:50,294 --> 00:53:52,729 THAT WHAT YOU'RE ASKING? 982 00:53:52,729 --> 00:53:55,566 >> YEAH. >> NOW I REALLY DON'T KNOW. 983 00:53:55,566 --> 00:53:57,634 I WOULD SAY IT'S PRETTY HARD TO SEND A PERSON TO JUPITER 984 00:53:57,634 --> 00:54:00,471 BECAUSE, YOU KNOW, THEY WANT A RIDE HOME. 985 00:54:00,471 --> 00:54:06,310 IT'S HARD -- IT'S HARD TO BRING -- YOU KNOW, A HUGE ROCKET 986 00:54:06,310 --> 00:54:07,978 TO JUPITER TO COME BACK. 987 00:54:07,978 --> 00:54:13,217 THAT'S WHY WE SEND ROBOTS BECAUSE THEY DON'T HAVE TO COME 988 00:54:13,217 --> 00:54:13,517 HOME. 989 00:54:13,517 --> 00:54:16,186 BUT IF YOU IGNORE ALL THAT AND SAY, HOW WELL COULD YOU SURVIVE 990 00:54:16,186 --> 00:54:16,854 I DON'T KNOW THE ANSWER. 991 00:54:16,854 --> 00:54:24,795 MY GUESS AND IT'S PURELY A GUESS WOULD BE NOT VERY LONG. 992 00:54:24,795 --> 00:54:29,399 BUT WE'D HAVE TO GO LOOK UP THE NUMBERS. 993 00:54:29,399 --> 00:54:29,867 WE CAN DO THAT. 994 00:54:29,867 --> 00:54:34,571 HOW MUCH RADIATION YOU GET NOT ONLY DEPENDS ON YOUR TRAJECTORY, 995 00:54:34,571 --> 00:54:38,876 BUT HOW LONG YOU CAN SPEND THERE. 996 00:54:38,876 --> 00:54:39,576 HOW FAST YOU CAN FLY THROUGH. 997 00:54:39,576 --> 00:54:44,448 ANOTHER REASON FOR WANTING THAT QUICK TWO-HOUR PASS THROUGH SO 998 00:54:44,448 --> 00:54:45,916 YOU GET TO SPEND A LOT OF TIME OUT FAR FROM THE RADIATION 999 00:54:45,916 --> 00:54:47,151 BEFORE YOU DO IT AGAIN. 1000 00:54:47,151 --> 00:54:48,318 IT DEPENDS ON SHIELDING AND HOW MUCH ENERGY. 1001 00:54:48,318 --> 00:54:53,824 BECAUSE DIFFERENT ENERGY PARTICLES DO DIFFERENT EFFECTS. 1002 00:54:53,824 --> 00:54:55,259 ALTHOUGH THERE'A LOT OF THINGS THAT DAMAGE PEOPLE THAT ARE 1003 00:54:55,259 --> 00:55:00,931 PROBABLY NOT AS BAD FOR THE SPACECRAFT. 1004 00:55:00,931 --> 00:55:03,901 SORRY I DON'T HAVE A QUANTATIVE ANSWER. 1005 00:55:03,901 --> 00:55:07,905 >> THANK YOU. >> ANOTHER ONE OF THESE CARDS. 1006 00:55:07,905 --> 00:55:09,873 SO THIS PERSON DOESN'T HAVE A NAME ON IT, BUT IT SAYS WHEN 1007 00:55:09,873 --> 00:55:13,143 JUPITER IS DECOMMISSIONED AND SENT INTO JUPITER, WHAT STUDIES 1008 00:55:13,143 --> 00:55:22,920 WILL BE STEADIED ON DESCENT? 1009 00:55:22,920 --> 00:55:24,655 THEY'RE MENTIONING SOMETHING I DIDN'T MENTION, BUT YOU CAN FIND 1010 00:55:24,655 --> 00:55:25,222 IT ON THE WEBSITE. 1011 00:55:25,222 --> 00:55:30,327 THE MISSION IS TO CRASH IT INTO JUPITER AND THAT'S TO PROTECT 1012 00:55:30,327 --> 00:55:30,661 EUROPA. 1013 00:55:30,661 --> 00:55:40,737 YOU'D REALLY HATE TO SPEND LOTS OF MONEY AND 50 YEARS AND GET TO 1014 00:55:40,737 --> 00:55:42,239 EUROPA AND DIG DOWN IN THE ICE AND FIND LIFE AND HAVE TO SAY I 1015 00:55:42,239 --> 00:55:45,609 DON'T KNOW IF IT'S EUROPA OR CONTAMINATION FROM JUNO. 1016 00:55:45,609 --> 00:55:47,678 WE HAVE TO MAKE SURE WE DON'T DO THAT. 1017 00:55:47,678 --> 00:55:49,546 WE'LL DESTROY IT BY CRASH IT INTO JUPITER, UNLESS WE CAN 1018 00:55:49,546 --> 00:55:50,581 FIGURE OUT A WAY TO WIGGLE OUT OF THAT. 1019 00:55:50,581 --> 00:56:01,391 ANDv[Hpñr SO THIS PERSON IS ASK WHAT DO WE DO -- WHAT STUDIES 1020 00:56:01,391 --> 00:56:02,159 WILL BE DONE DURING THE DESCENT? 1021 00:56:02,159 --> 00:56:03,827 THE ANSWER -- WE HAVEN'T SETTLED ON THAT YET. 1022 00:56:03,827 --> 00:56:08,498 BUT THE ANSWER IS PROBABLY NOT THAT MUCH. 1023 00:56:08,498 --> 00:56:12,169 BECAUSE REMEMBER, AT THE END Ok THAT DESCENT THE SPACECRAFT'S 1024 00:56:12,169 --> 00:56:12,469 GONE. 1025 00:56:12,469 --> 00:56:15,872 AND OUR BASIC MODEL IS TO SEND THE DATA BACK AFTERWARDS. 1026 00:56:15,872 --> 00:56:21,445 WE DO A FLY BY AND WE SEND THE DATA BACK. 1027 00:56:21,445 --> 00:56:24,081 SO WE'RE NOT GOING TO BE ABLE TO SEND MUCH INFORMATION BACK AS 1028 00:56:24,081 --> 00:56:26,183 IT'S FALLING INTO JUPITER. 1029 00:56:26,183 --> 00:56:29,653 WE'LL BE LUCKY IF WE CAN MAINTAIN CONTACT AND KEEP THE 1030 00:56:29,653 --> 00:56:33,590 SIGNAL AND TELL YOU HOW FAST IT FELL INTO THE PLANET. 1031 00:56:33,590 --> 00:56:36,860 MAYBE WE'LL GET TO MEASURE SOME THINGS ON THE LAST PASS AS WE 1032 00:56:36,860 --> 00:56:37,294 COME THROUGH. 1033 00:56:37,294 --> 00:56:41,665 BY THE TIME WE GET CLOSER TO JUPITER THAN THE PREVIOUS PASSES 1034 00:56:41,665 --> 00:56:43,200 WE'LL BE OUT OF RADIO CONTACT ANYWAY. 1035 00:56:43,200 --> 00:56:50,574 >> I HAVE TWO OR 2 1/2 QUESTIONS ABOUT THE RADIOMETERS. 1036 00:56:50,574 --> 00:56:54,344 AT WHAT FREQUENCIES DO THE RADIOMETERS OBSERVE AND IS EACH 1037 00:56:54,344 --> 00:57:00,917 RADIOMETER JUST OBSERVING ONE CHANNEL AND IF OBSERVING MORE 1038 00:57:00,917 --> 00:57:03,153 THAN ONE CHANNEL HOW MANY CHANNELS ARE THERE IN A 1039 00:57:03,153 --> 00:57:04,187 SPECTROMETER BEHIND EACH RADIOMETER? 1040 00:57:04,187 --> 00:57:13,930 >> EACH IS IN FACT OBSERVING JUST ONE CHANNEL. 1041 00:57:13,930 --> 00:57:15,465 AND THAT'S BECAUSE WHAT WE'RE TRYING TO MEASURE THE ATMOSPHERE 1042 00:57:15,465 --> 00:57:19,536 OF JUB JUPITER, SO YOU DON'T GAIN A LOT BY HAVING LOTS OF 1043 00:57:19,536 --> 00:57:20,671 CHANNELS AND YOU LOSE THE SIGNAL TO NOISE. 1044 00:57:20,671 --> 00:57:28,712 IT'S HARDER TO MEASURE WITH PRECISION A LOT OF CHANNELS THAN 1045 00:57:28,712 --> 00:57:29,880 IT IS TO MEASURE ONE BIG WIDE CHANNEL. 1046 00:57:29,880 --> 00:57:34,184 SO THERE ARE SIX DIFFERENT RADIOMETERS. 1047 00:57:34,184 --> 00:57:36,620 EACH A DIFFERENT FREQUENCY. 1048 00:57:36,620 --> 00:57:44,194 THE LONGEST S 600 MEGAHERTZ AND THEN DOUBLE IT AGAIN, DOUBLE IT 1049 00:57:44,194 --> 00:57:45,462 AGAIN, SO FORTH. 1050 00:57:45,462 --> 00:57:48,298 IT'S NOT EXACTLY DOUBLING EVERY TIME, BUT PRETTY CLOSE TO 1051 00:57:48,298 --> 00:57:53,303 DOUBLING FROM THE 600 MEGAHERTZ UP TO 20 GIGAHERTZ OR SO. 1052 00:57:53,303 --> 00:57:54,137 >> YOU SAID 20? 1053 00:57:54,137 --> 00:57:57,574 >> YEAH. >> THE REASON YOU DON'T HAVE 1054 00:57:57,574 --> 00:58:01,044 SEVERAL CHANNELS OF EACH RADIOMETRY IS BECAUSE THEY'RE SO 1055 00:58:01,044 --> 00:58:03,947 PRESSURE BROADENED, NO SENSE IN TRYING TO RESOLVE THEM? 1056 00:58:03,947 --> 00:58:09,820 >> YEAH, I WON'T SAY THERE'S NO SENSE IN TRYING TO RESOLVE THEM. 1057 00:58:09,820 --> 00:58:12,255 I'M SURE THAT SOMEBODY WOULD SAY THERE HERE'S GREAT SCIENCE YOU 1058 00:58:12,255 --> 00:58:16,927 COULD DO WITH A RADIOMETER, BUT IF YOU'RE GOING AFTER THE WATER 1059 00:58:16,927 --> 00:58:20,397 CONTENT HAVING A LOT OF CHANNELS BEHIND EACH OF THESE ISN'T GOING 1060 00:58:20,397 --> 00:58:23,300 TO HURT THAT MUCH AND IS GOING TO SIGNAL IN THE NOISE. 1061 00:58:23,300 --> 00:58:25,535 >> HELLO. 1062 00:58:25,535 --> 00:58:45,822 WILL JUNO BE ABLE TO MEASURE THE -- H SHALL I SAY THE 1063 00:58:45,822 --> 00:58:48,125 INFEROMETER AROUND THE EQUATOR? 1064 00:58:48,125 --> 00:58:51,628 >> I DON'T KNOW IF I UNDERSTAND 100% WHAT YOU'RE ASKING. 1065 00:58:51,628 --> 00:58:55,365 ARE YOU ASKING IF WE'LL MEASURE THE RADIATION AROUND THE -- 1066 00:58:55,365 --> 00:58:55,999 >> NO, I SHOULD QUALIFY. 1067 00:58:55,999 --> 00:58:57,167 I WAS TALKING ABOUT CONVECTION. >> OH, OKAY. 1068 00:58:57,167 --> 00:59:03,140 SO WE WILL LEARN A LOT ABOUT THE MOTION IN THE ATMOSPHERE AROUND 1069 00:59:03,140 --> 00:59:08,111 THE EQUATOR OF JUPITER AND ELSEWHERE ON JUPITER. 1070 00:59:08,111 --> 00:59:14,518 TWO BIG WAYS TO DO THAT. 1071 00:59:14,518 --> 00:59:16,286 ONE IS THE GRAVITY EXPERIMENT IS GOING TO TELL YOU WHEN SEE THE 1072 00:59:16,286 --> 00:59:19,356 BIG STRUCTURES IT WILL TELL YOU HOW DEEP THEY ARE BASED ON THE 1073 00:59:19,356 --> 00:59:20,857 MOTION OF THE STRUCTURE, THE GRAVITATIONAL SIGNATURE FROM IT. 1074 00:59:20,857 --> 00:59:28,331 SO IF IT'S MOVING AND IT'S DEEP, YOU'LL HAVE A DIFFERENT 1075 00:59:28,331 --> 00:59:30,834 SIGNATURE THAN IF IT'S MOVING AND IT'S SHALLOW. 1076 00:59:30,834 --> 00:59:34,571 THE MICROWAVE RECEIVERS BECAUSE THEY'RE SEEING SIX DIFFERENT 1077 00:59:34,571 --> 00:59:40,410 DEPTHS AND BECAUSE THEY'RE SEEING A WHOLE RANGE OF ANGLES 1078 00:59:40,410 --> 00:59:43,313 THEY'LL TELL US SOMETHING ABOUT THE STRUCTURE. 1079 00:59:43,313 --> 00:59:49,553 HOW MUCH WE'LL LEARN WE HAVE TO FIND OUT WHEN WE GET THERE. 1080 00:59:49,553 --> 00:59:51,021 I SUSPECT AND YOU KNOW EVERY INSTRUMENT HAS ITS OWN -- EVERY 1081 00:59:51,021 --> 00:59:52,756 EXPERIMENT HAS ITS OWN THING TO WORRY ABOUT. 1082 00:59:52,756 --> 01:00:03,333 FOR THE MICROWAVE RECEIVER I SUSPECT THE BIGGEST THING TO 1083 01:00:03,333 --> 01:00:07,571 WORRY ABOUT IS THE JUPITER WILL SURPRISE US SOMEHOW IN HOW THE 1084 01:00:07,571 --> 01:00:09,039 ATMOSPHERE BEHAVES AND HOW THE TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE BEHAVES. 1085 01:00:09,039 --> 01:00:10,507 WE'LL GET THE MEASUREMENT AND THEN WE HAVE TO PUZZLE IT OUT TO 1086 01:00:10,507 --> 01:00:11,141 FIGURE OUT WHAT IT MEANS. 1087 01:00:11,141 --> 01:00:14,411 WE'RE NOT THERE YET, BUT MAYBE THE MODELS WE HAVE WILL BE 1088 01:00:14,411 --> 01:00:14,778 PERFECT. 1089 01:00:14,778 --> 01:00:17,781 BUT MY PREDICTION WE'LL GET A GREAT MEASUREMENT AND THEN 1090 01:00:17,781 --> 01:00:21,184 FIGURE OUT WHAT IT MEANS BUT PROBABLY NOT THE FIRST COUPLE OF 1091 01:00:21,184 --> 01:00:24,254 DAYS. >> I HAD WONDERED IF THE 1092 01:00:24,254 --> 01:00:26,256 MEASUREMENTS WERE DIFFERENT IN REGARD TO THE ZONES AROUND THE 1093 01:00:26,256 --> 01:00:27,290 EQUATOR. >> THE MEASUREMENTS AREN'T 1094 01:00:27,290 --> 01:00:30,861 BECAUSE THE RADIOMETER JUST MEASURES EVERYTHING IT GETS AND 1095 01:00:30,861 --> 01:00:37,801 THE GRAVITATIONAL THING YOU JUST MEASURE THE SIGNATURE YOU'RE 1096 01:00:37,801 --> 01:00:38,168 GETTING. 1097 01:00:38,168 --> 01:00:40,136 BUT HOW TO INTERPRET THEM IS DIFFERENT. 1098 01:00:40,136 --> 01:00:46,243 AS YOU'RE DOWN NEAR THE EQUATOR, THINGS ARE NARROWER. 1099 01:00:46,243 --> 01:00:48,645 AND THE DYNAMICS GOING AROUND THE PLANET LONGITUDE NATURALLY 1100 01:00:48,645 --> 01:00:50,080 ARE DIFFERENT, YOU WANT TO INTERPRET THE MEASUREMENTS IN A 1101 01:00:50,080 --> 01:00:50,947 DIFFERENT WAY. >> THANK YOU.